tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62660225776901812832024-02-07T18:45:16.110-08:00Beranda PendidikanAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.comBlogger45125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-77766404479340066812017-02-14T18:45:00.000-08:002017-02-14T18:45:13.092-08:00“Perang” Di Dunia Maya Ancam Keutuhan NKRI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8ox2LVDEJx4ZyjsUWr30zaeK7hWt4wevIucQ5-MiTGNF1C-ND3ohVWzrbUvfrgM7SduUUHOvFhwR7Y4XeaxwIS3u0eRvO8YMWxA1duZ4R3d55o7moAne8OT2sCn2VOL4qJinyWh_eK0Q/s1600/gg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI8ox2LVDEJx4ZyjsUWr30zaeK7hWt4wevIucQ5-MiTGNF1C-ND3ohVWzrbUvfrgM7SduUUHOvFhwR7Y4XeaxwIS3u0eRvO8YMWxA1duZ4R3d55o7moAne8OT2sCn2VOL4qJinyWh_eK0Q/s320/gg.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemilihan
Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) serentak kini telah dimulai, para kandidat maupun tim
sukses sedang menunggu hasil dari “pertarungan sengit” saat kampanye, khususnya
di Ibu Kota Jakarta yang begitu banyak menyita perhatian masyarakat jagad raya
ini. Belum lenyap dari ingatan kita begitu dahsyatnya “perang” antara tim
sukses bakal calon gubernur Jakarta <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
begitu berlarut-larut hingga menyeret arus ke “ambang perpecahan” antar
kelompok dan golongan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tak
ayal memang para tim sukses, pendukung</span></div>
<a name='more'></a> bahkan simpatisan berlomba-lomba
mengerahkan sekuat tenaga dalam upaya memenagkan calon yang didukungnya dengan berbagai
cara dan beragam media yang makin marak di abad ini. (Baca <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/kemendikdasmen-atasi-kekerasan-di-dunia.html" target="_blank">juga Kemendikdasmen Atasi Kekerasan di Dunia Pendidikan</a>)<br /><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dengan semakin banyaknya
media informasi yang mudah diakses, nampaknya dimanfaatkan banyak orang untuk
“mengkampanyekan” calon yang didukugnya, bahkan tidak jarang dari mereka juga
memojokkan lawan politiknya dengan dalih kebebasan pers dsb seperti melalui
facebook dan twitter. Memang dua media tersebut seolah menjadi media yang
paling mudah diakses informasinya oleh semua orang. Dengan media-media social
yang mudah diakses masyarakat tersebut, tentunya tidak hanya membawa dampak
positif, melainkan dampak negative </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang begitu besar,
misalnya saja mulai dari munculnya kasus penistaan agama, pembelaan fatwa,
ulama dan sebagainya, yang menurut hemat penulis itu semua digoreng sedemikian
rupa untuk saling menjegal lawan politiknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Namun
sangat disayangkan, menurut penulis yang senantiasa mengikuti pemberitaan
tentang hiruk pikuk pilkada serentak tahun ini, khususnya untuk pemilihan
Gubernur Jakarta, nampaknya masyarakat Indonesia tidak cukup cerdas
memanfaatkan media-media sosial tersebut, yang ada malah adanya indikasi akan
terjadi perpecahan jika tidak ditangani serius oleh semua pihak. Kita mungkin
semua tahu, saat munculnya kasus-kasus hukum yang menimpa para kandidat pilkada
Gubernur Jakarta, media informasi khususnya jejaring sosial kian marak disesaki
oleh berita/informasi yang sangat beragam, baik itu mendukung atau kontra
terhadap kasus tersebut. Tidak hanya itu, nampaknya kasus tersebut kian
dimanfaat kan oleh orang-oranag yang tidak bertanggung jawab dengan menggoreng
masalah tersebut kemudian disajikan ke masyarakat yang menyebabkan tambah runyamnya
persoalan tersebut, hingga akhir-akhir ini banyak orang baru tersadar begitu
banyaknya berita hoax (bohong) yang berseliweran di dunia maya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
berita-berita yang ramai tentang pilgub Jakarta khususnya baik di media cetak
maupun elektronik, penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia saat ini sedang
menjadi panggung hiburan yang sangat menarik bagi Negara asing. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kenapa demikian, karena disadari atau tidak masyarakat
Indonesia saat ini lebih memilih “jual beli” masalah yang belum jelas ujung
pangkalnya, ketimbang sama-sama berpikir jernih untuk masa depan bangsa. Hal
ini diperparah lagi oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagian
media online yang dipertanyakan kredibilitasnya serta jejaring sosial </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dengan begitu mudahnya menghujat
dan saling memojokkan bahkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
sudah tidak objektif lagi dalam mewartakan berita dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">cenderung
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">membesar-besarkan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masalah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> yang lagi hangat dan “lezat” untuk “disantap” oleh publik. Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/peran-jurnalistik-sebagai-kontrol.html" target="_blank">Peran Jurnalistik Sebagai Kontrol Pembangunan dan Pendidikan</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentunya
h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">al ini juga akan menjadi
kesenangan tersendiri bagi Negara asing, karena masyarakat Indonesia mudah
digoyang persatuan dan kesatuannya hanya dengan persoalan beda pilihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang dibungkus seacara apik atas nama agama dan “kesucian”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Bayangkan saja seandainya hal ini terjadi terus
menerus tanpa adannya kesadaran masyarakat untuk saling menghargai perbedaan,
maka dapat dipastikan Indonesia akan menjadi seperti semula, menjadi
pulau-pulau kecil yang berantakan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk itu kesadaran
masyarakatlah yang paling penting untuk bisa bersama-sama saling menghargai
perbedaan dan pandai-pandailah untuk menyerap informasi yang berseliweran di
dunia maya. Denga begitu, maka sedikit banyak masyarakat sudah berupaya untuk
bersama-sama menjaga kesatuan NKRI. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-77998774938163517632016-03-27T15:52:00.001-07:002016-03-27T16:02:19.354-07:00Skripsi Persepsi Masyarakat Tentang Ajaran Yang Dianggap Menyimpang<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Masyarakat adalah gabungan dari kelompok
individu yang terbentuk berdasarkan tatanan sosial tertentu. Dalam kepustakaan
ilmu-ilmu sosial dikenal tiga bentuk masyarakat, yaitu: 1) masyarakat homogen;
2) masyarakat majemuk; dan masyarakat heterogen<span style="color: black;">. </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: black;">Masyarakat
homogen ditandai oleh adanya ciri-ciri yang anggotanya tergolong dalam satu
asal atau satu suku bangsa dengan satu kebudayaan yang digunakan sebagai
pedoman hidup sehari-hari. Masyarakat homogen dapat ditemukan dalam satuan-satuan
masyarakat berskala kecil tetapi juga ada yang terwujud dalam masyarakat
berskala besar seperti masyarakat Jepang.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span>Sedangkan masyarakat majemuk terdiri
atas sejumlah suku bangsa yang merupakan bagian dari bangsa itu, seperti
masyarakat Indonesia atau masyarakat Amerika. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selanjutnya masyarakat heterogen memiliki
ciri-ciri bahwa; 1) pranata-pranata primer yang bersumber dari kebudayaan suku
bangsa telah diseragamkan oleh pemerintah nasional; 2) kekuatan-kekuatan
politiksuku bangsa telah dilemahkan oleh sistem nasional melalui
pengorganisasianyang berlandaskan pada solidaritas; 3) memiliki pranata
alternatif yang berfungsi sebagai upaya untuk mengakomodasi perbedaan dan
keragaman; 4) adanya tingkat kemajuan yang tinggi dalam kehidupan ekonomi dan teknologi
sebagai akibat dari pranata-pranata alternatif yang beragama tersebut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Elizabeth K. Notittingham yang dikutip oleh
Jalaludin membagi masyarakat menjadi tiga tipe, dalam pembagian ini Elizabeth
menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi agama. Tipe pertama adalah masyarakat yang
terbelakang dan memiliki nilai-nilai sakral. Kedua, masyarakat praindustri yang
sedang berkembang. Ketiga, adalah masyarakat industri sekuler.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam masyarakat tipe pertama menurut
Elizabeth, setiap anggota menganut agama yang sama; oleh karena itu keanggotaan
dalam masyarakat dan dalam kelompok keagamaan adalah sama. Agama menyusup ke
dalam aktivitas kemasyarakatan, baik yang bersifat ekonomis, politik,
kekeluargaan maupun rekreatif. Sedangkan dalam masyarakat praindustri yang
sedang berkembang, organisasi keagamaan sudah terpisah dari organisasi
kemasyarakatan. Di masyarakat ini organisasi keagamaan merupakan organisasi
formal yang mempunyai tenaga profesional tersendiri. Walaupun agama masih
memberikan arti dan ikatan kepada sistem nilai kepada kehidupan masyarakat ,
namun pada saat yang sama lingkungan yang sakral dan sekuler masih dapat
dibedakan. Agama sudah tidak sepenuhnya menyusup ke aktivitas kehidupan
masyarakat, walaupun masih ada anggapan bahwa agama masih dapat diaplikasikan
secara universal dan lebih tinggi dari norma-norma kehidupan sosial sehari-hari
pada umumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Nilai-nilai keagamaan dalam masyarakat tipe ini
menempatkan fokus utamanya pada pengintegrasian tingkah laku perorangan dan
pembentukan citra pribadinya. Walaupun tidak sekental tipe yang pertama, pada masyarakat
tipe yang <span style="color: black;">kedua</span> ini agama ternyata masih
difungsikan dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Namun terlihat ada kecenderungan peran
agama kian bergeser ke pembentukan sikap individu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kemudian pada masyarakat industri sekuler ,
organisasi keagamaan terpecah-pecah dan <span style="color: black;">bersifat</span>
majemuk. Ia melihat di masyarakat moderen yang kompleks ini, ikatan antara
organisasi keagamaan dan pemerintahan duniawi tidak ada sama sekali. Karena
itu, agama cenderung dinilai sebagai bagian dari kehidupan manusia yang
berkaitan dengan persoalan akhirat, sedangkan pemerintahan berhubungan dengan
kehidupan duniawi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain itu, Prof. Dr. Mukti Ali yang dikutip
oleh Jalaludin juga mengemukakan bahwa peranan agama dalam pembangunan adalah
sebagai etos pembangunan. <span style="color: black;">Maksudnya</span> adalah
bahwa agama yang menjadi anutan seseorang atau masyarakat jika diyakini dan
dihayati secara mendalam mampu memberikan suatu tatanan nilai moral dalam
sikap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selanjutnya nilai moral tersebut akan
memberikan garis-garis pedoman tingkah laku seseorang dalam bertindak, sesuai
dengan ajaran agamanya. Segala bentuk perbuatan yang dilarang agama dijahuinya
dan sebaliknya selalu giat dalam menerapkan perintah agama, baik dalam
kehidupan pribadi maupun demi kepentingan orang banyak. Dari tingkah laku dan
sikap yang demikian tercermin suatu pola tingkah laku yang etis . Penerapan
agama lebih menjurus keperbuatan yang bernilai akhlak mulia dan bukan untuk
kepentingan lain. Segala bentuk perbuatan individu maupun masyarakat selalu dalam
suatu garis yang serasi dengan peraturan dan aturan agama dan akhirnya akan
terbina suatu kebiasaan yang agamis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain menjadi ethos dalam pembangunan Prof.
Dr. Mukti Ali juga mengemukakan peranan agama dalam pembangunan yaitu sebagai
motivasi. Ajaran agama yang sudah menjadi keyakinan mendalam akan mendorong
seseorang atau kelompok untuk mengejar tingkat kehidupan yang lebih baik.
Pengalaman ajaran agama tercermin dari pribadi yang berpartisipasi dalam
peningkatan mutu kehidupan tanpa mengharapkan imbalan yang berlebihan.
Keyakinan akan balasan Tuhan terhadap perbuatan baik telah mampu memberikan
ganjaran batin yang akan mempengaruhi seseorang untuk berbuat tanpa imbalan
material. Balasan dari Tuhan berupa pahala bagi kehidupan hari akhirat lebih di
dambakan oleh penganut agama yang taat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peranan-peranan <span style="color: black;">positif</span>
ini telah membuahkan hasil yang kongkret dalam pembangunan baik berupa sarana
maupun prasarana yang dibutuhkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sumbangan harta benda dan milik untuk
kepentingan masyarakat yang berlandaskan ganjaran keagamaan telah banyak
dinikmati dalam pembangunan, misalnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hibbah dan wakaf tanah untuk pembangunan jalan, sarana ibadah ataupun
lembaga pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dana yang terpakai untuk pembangunan lembaga pendidikan dan rumah-rumah
ibadah, rumah sakit, panti asuhan dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pengerahan tenaga yang terkoordinasi oleh pemuka agama dalam membina
kegotongroyongan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Melalui motivasi keagamaan seseorang terdorong
untuk berkorban baik dalam bentuk materi maupun tenaga atau pemikiran.
Pengorbanan seperti ini merupakan aset yang potensial dalam pembangunan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Max
Weber </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">masih dikutip oleh
Jalaludin melihat ada hubungan antara etos agama ini dengan pembangunan
ekonomi. Ia melihat kemajuan ekonomi liberal Eropa dan Negara Barat, didukung
oleh etika dari ajaran agama Protestan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Protestant
Etich)</i>. Pandangan seperti itu juga dikaitkan dengan oleh sejumlah pengamat
dengan kemajuan bangsa Jepang. Keunggulan bangsa Jepang dinilai erat kaitannya
dengan nilai-nilai ajaran agama shinto yang bertitikan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bushido, </i>yaitu ketundukan kepada pemimpin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan mitos “kaisar” sebagai titisan dewa
matahari, etos kerja masyarakat Jepang dapat diarahkan pada pembangunan
bangsanya. Kondisi yang tak jauh berbeda juga terjadi di thailand, dengan nilai
ajaran Budhanya. Sedangkan masyarakat Bali terkait pula dengan etos ajaran
agama Hindu Bali. Sudah sejak lama di masyarakat Bali penghormatan kepada
pemuka agama tetap terjaga. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Di Kutai Timur</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">baru-baru ini telah </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">dihebohkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan kasus pemahaman keagamaan cukup berbeda ya</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">g dikenal dengan nama ajaran “Guru Bantil”. Ajaran
Guru Bantil tersebut mulai mencuat kontroversinya sekitar sejak tahun
2010/2011, hal ini menjadi perhatian semua pihak, khususnya lembaga-lembaga
keagamaan termasuk pemerintah daerah karena ajaran Guru Bantil diindikasikan
menyimpang dari ajaran Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebuah ajaran keagamaan yang dikatakan baru dan
berbeda serta dianggap menyimpang dari ajaran Islam tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="EN-US">perhatian serius </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Majelis Ulama Indonesia
(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">MUI</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kementrian Agama (Kemenag)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Kutai Timur karena dianggap ajaran-ajaran Islam yang
disampaikan tidak sesuai syari’at islam, misalnya seperti puasa cukup sehari
dalam satu bulan Ramadhan, sholat dengan dua imam, zakat diri dan sebagainya.
Bahkan menurut MUI</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kabupaten Kutai Timur dalam rapat yang digelar dengan
menghadirkan dari berbagai lembaga keagamaan (Kemenag Kutim, BKPRM, Nahdlatul
Ulama, Muhammadiyah) dan pihak kepolisian, menyimpulkan ada sekitar 20 (dua
puluh) item ajaran yang diindikasikan menyimpang dari syari’at Islam<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam perkembangannya, ternyata ajaran Guru Bantil
menjadi perhatian serius karena dianggap tidak mengindahkan nasehat atau </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">arahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> dari berbagai lembaga keagamaan khususnya MUI selaku lembaga kegamaan
yang bertanggungjawab</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, dan kini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Guru Bantil (seorang yang bertanggungjawab) diamankan
oleh pihak keamanan yang berwajib dengan al</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">san mengajarkan ajaran islam yang menyimpang dari
syari’at<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Menjadi menarik di sini adalah satu sisi banyak para
pengikut Guru Bantil yang fanatik dan mengikuti ajarannya, tapi sisi </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> banyak lembaga keagamaan yang mengatakan ajaran Guru Bantil menyimpang,
untuk itu peneliti merasa tertarik untuk meneliti apa yang sebanarnya terjadi
dengan ajaran Guru Bantil dengan judul “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Persepsi
Masyarakat Tentang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ajaran Guru Bantil di
Dusun Rantau Bemban Kecamatan Sangatta </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">U</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">tara</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">”.</span></i></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Parsudi Suparlan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Orang Sakvai di Riau: Masyarakat Terasing dalam Masyarakat Indonesia</i>,
Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1990, h.8-12</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Jalaludin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psikologi
Agama</i>, (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2010), h.323-324</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Jalaludin
(2010), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psikologi Agama</i>....., h.328-329</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Koran Kaltim Post, edisi Hari </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Jum’at </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanggal 1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
Desember, <span style="color: black;">2012</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">, h.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">28</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span>
Koran Kaltim Post, edisi Hari Sabtu tanggal 17 Agustus, 2013, h.29</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-41153234942774201832016-03-26T05:09:00.001-07:002016-03-26T05:40:32.010-07:00Beasiswa Kaltim Cemerlang Tahun 2016 Telah Dibuka<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirRXLf460uyMEn4F5CThayQvzq5j9ybGE72XAetZWU3oQt4TxZkqbi5fEw6fvQ-_KsZu317yyNEgzgqzS2adolJqI8vlCHRkD3Pl7N2R9ngleaE6ym8lE74LftfpStbUsQKCQE-mYu0q6-/s1600/beasiswa.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirRXLf460uyMEn4F5CThayQvzq5j9ybGE72XAetZWU3oQt4TxZkqbi5fEw6fvQ-_KsZu317yyNEgzgqzS2adolJqI8vlCHRkD3Pl7N2R9ngleaE6ym8lE74LftfpStbUsQKCQE-mYu0q6-/s320/beasiswa.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
Angin segar bagi para pelajar dan mahasiswa khusunya yang
berada di wilayah Kalimantan Timur, pasalnya Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan
Timur telah membuka pendaftaran beasiswa melalui program Beasiswa Kaltim
Cemerlang. </div>
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Beasiswa Kaltim Cemerlang tersebut dibuka mulai pada bulan
April Lalu, dan pendaftarannya diakses melalui website. Untuk tahun ini,
khususnya di bulan Maret, pemerintah provinsi Kalimantan</div>
<a name='more'></a>Timur telah membuak
program beasiswa miskin/tidak mampu untuk pelajar mulai dari SD, SMP, SM, SMK/
Sederajat dan untuk mahasiswa atau orang yang sedang menempuh pendidikan di
Perguruan Tinggi.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seperti sebelum-sebelumnya, pihak pemerintah provinsi
Kalimantan Timur mengeluarkan kebijakan pemberian beasiswa untuk masyarakat
Kalimantan Timur dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan di
Kalimantan Timur.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bagi seluruh masyarakat Kalimantan Timur yang ingin
mendaftar program beasiswa Kaltim Cemerlang, berikut syarat-syarat yang harus
dipenuhi:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Mahasiswa yang mengajukan
beasiswa jenis ini minimal berada pada semester 2;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pas Photo terbaru 3 x 4 (2
lembar );</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Surat Keterangan aktif
Kuliah (asli) 1 lembar;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto Copy KTP legalisir
oleh salah satu instansi yaitu kelurahan/kantor desa/kecamatan/disduk capil
kab/kota sebanyak 1 lembar;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto Copy Kartu Keluarga
legalisir kelurahan/kantor desa/kecamatan/disduk capil kab/kota sebanyak 1
lembar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto copy Buku rekening
(salah satu bank konvensional BRI,BNI,BTN,BCA, Bank Kaltim dan Bank Mandiri)
masing-masing dilegalisir sebanyak 1 lembar;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Surat keterangan
miskin/tidak mampu dari lurah/Kepala Desa/ Camat (asli) sebanyak 1 lembar;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto Copy KHS terakhir bagi
mahasiswa mahasiswa semester 2 legalisir perguruan tinggi 1 lembar;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto copy transkrip nilai
bagi mahasiswa semester 2 keatas yang dilegalisir perguruan tinggi 1 lembar;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto copy Kartu mahasiswa;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Foto copy KHS semester 1
sampai semester akhir bagi mahasiswa semester 2 keatas ;</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Surat pernyataan tidak
menerima beasiswa dari pihak manapun yang diketahui oleh perguruan tinggi (Form
Ada Di Halaman Download);</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Berkas dimasukkan dalam map
berwarna kuning.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Bagi yang mau mengurus beasiswa harus melakukan pendaftaran
fia online melalui website resmi yang telah disediakan dan ikuti petunjuknya.
Berikut alamat website yang harus anda kunjungi untuk mendaftar beasiswa kaltim
cemerlang: <a href="http://www.beasiswa-kaltim.com/">http://www.beasiswa-kaltim.com</a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam konteks penelitian, filologi selama ini dikenal
sebagai ilmu yang berhubungan dengan karya masa lampau yang berupa tulisan.
Studi terhadap karya tulis masa lampau dilakukan karena adanya anggapan bahwa
dalam peninggalan tulisan terkandung nilai-nilai yang masih relevan dengan
kehidupan masa kini. Banyak orang ingin mengetahui referensi-referensi
pengetahuan khususnya berupa bentuk tulisan ke sumber aslinya, untuk itu
filologi kian ramai dalam dunia penelitian.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berbeda dengan produk masa kini, hasil cipta masa
lampau tidak selalu dapat diterima dengan jelas sebagai akibatnya banyak
tulisan<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a>masa lampau dirasakan tidak mudah dipahami. Karakteristik
karya-karya tulis dengan kondisi seperti tersebut menuntut pendekatan yang
memadai. Untuk membaca karya-karya tersebut diperlukan ilmu yang mampu
menyiangi kesulitan akibat kondisinya sebagai produk masa lampau. Dalam hal
inilah ilmu filologi diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam kurun waktu 50 tahun ini, penelitian
filologi telah maju dengan pesat. Seperti halnya ilmu lain, teknologi modern
telah menunjang perkembangannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Studi
filologi merupakan studi yang sangat signifikan dalam hal mengkaji warisan
budaya yang tersebar dibelahan dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Studi filologi
berkonsentrasi pada pengkajian terhadap naskah-naskah kuno.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi adalah ilmu pengetahuan tentang
sastra-sastra dalam arti luas mencakup bidang bahasa, sastra, dan kebudayaan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Disiplin
filologi pernah mencapai prestasi spiritual dan ilmiah pada berbagai periode
dalam tradisi besar termasuk tradisi Barat dan tradisi Islam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Filologi sudah dikenal sejak abad ke-3 SM oleh sekelompok ahli di kota
iskandariyah yang dikenal sebagai ahli filologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah perkembangan filologi terus
berlanjut ke kawasan timur tengah pada abad ke-4 M, kemudian menyebar ke
kawasan Nusantara pada abad ke-16 M.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nusantara dikenal sebagai negara yang kaya
dengan khazanah budaya peninggalan masa lampau. Salah satu diantaranya adalah
peninggalan dalam bentuk naskah-naskah lama dengan tulisan tangan, dimana objek
kajian filologi sendiri adalah teks dan naskah. Keduanya diibaratkan dua
sisi dari sebuah mata uang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perlu dicatat bahwa jumlah naskah-naskah
milik pribadi (Nusantara) yang banyak diakses karena dianggap suci (keramat). Itupun
baru naskah berbahasa arab, belum lagi naskah-naskah dalam bahasa daerah
nusantara lainnya seperti Melayu, Jawa, Sunda, Aceh, Bali, Batak, dan lain-lain
yang tidak jarang juga memuat teks-teks keagamaan. Nurcholis Madjid pernah
mengatakan, bahwa naskah-naskah “kita” terdapat dalam jumlah jutaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kawasan Nusantara terbagi dalam berbagai
etnis dengan ciri khas masing-masing tanpa meninggalkan sifat khas kebudayaan
Nusantara.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7"></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"></span>Keinginan untuk
mengkaji naskah-naskah Nusantara hadir setelah ketangan bangsa Barat. Yang
kemudian telaah naskah dilanjutkan oleh para penginjil. Dari perkembangan
filologi ini pula lahir para tokoh-tokoh filologi Nusantara yang berperan dalam
perkembangan filologi<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Cabang ilmu ini memang belum banyak dikenal oleh
masyarakat luas, terutama di kalangan masyarakat Islam. Kekayaan dan warisan
intelektual Islam menjadi terabai, padahal warisan inteletual yang berupa karya
tulis itu sedemikian banyaknya. Di Indonesia saja, banyak peninggalan kitab
klasik yang ditulis oleh ulama nusantara. Misalnya Imam Nawawi al-Bantani yang
telah menulis tidak kurang dari seratus kitab berbahasa Arab dalam berbagai
bidang keilmuan. Contoh lain, Syekh Mahfudh at-Tarmasy yang menulis hingga 60
kitab meliputi tafsir, qiraah, hadits, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oleh karena itu, makalah ini akan membahas tentang
pendekatan filologi serta ruang lingkupnya dan kaitannya dengan kajian stui
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa itu Filologi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa tujuan dan fungsi
Filologi?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode-Metode
Penelitian Teks?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagaimana Filologi
dalam Kajian Studi Islam?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian Filologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, filologi adalah ilmu tentang bahasa,
kebudayaan, pranata, dan sejarah suatu bangsa sebagaimana terdapat dalam
bahan-bahan tertulis.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu kata <i>“philos”</i> yang
berarti ‘cinta’ dan<i>“logos”</i> diartikan “kata”. Pada kata “filologi”
kedua kata itu secara harfiyah membentuk arti “cinta kata-kata” atau “senang
bertutur”. Arti ini kemudian berkembang menjadi “senang belajar” atau “senang
kebudayaan”. Sedangkan dalam bahasa Arab, filologi adalah ilmu <i>tahqiq
an-nushush </i>(penelitian untuk mengetahui hakikat suatu tulisan).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Webster’s
New Collegiate Dictionary (1953) mendefinisikan filologi ke dalam tiga hal,
yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">cinta
pengetahuan atau cinta sastra, yaitu studi sastra, dalam arti luas termasuk
etimologi, tata bahasa, kritik, sejarah sastra dan linguistik;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ilmu
linguistik;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">studi
tentang budaya orang-orang beradab sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam bahasa, sastra,
dan religi mereka, termasuk studi bahasa dan perbandingannya dengan bahasa
serumpun, studi tata bahasa, etimologi, fonologi, morfologi, semantik, kritik
teks, dll</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi sebagai istilah, pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Erastothenes,
dan kemudian dipergunakan oleh sekelompok ahli dari Iskandariyah
sejak abad ke-3 S.M. Sekelompok ahli ini bekerja dengan tujuan untuk menemukan
bentuk asli teks-teks lama Yunani. Sebagai istilah, filologi mempunyai definisi
yang sangat luas, dan selalu berkembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi sebagai Imu
Pengetahuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi pernah disebut sebagai <i>L’etalage de
savoir </i>‘pameran ilmu pengetahuan’. Hal ini dikarenakan filologi membedah
teks-teks klasik yang mempunyai isi dan jangkauan yang sangat luas. Gambaran
kehidupan masa lampau, berserta segala aspeknya, dapat diketahui melalui kajian
filologi. Termasuk di dalamnya, berbagai macam ilmu pengetahuan dari berbagi
macam bidang ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi sebagai Ilmu
Sastra</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi juga pernah dikenal sebagai ilmu sastra. Hal
ini dikarenakan adanya kajian filologi terhadap karya-karya sastra masa lampau,
terutama yang bernilai tinggi. Kajian filologi semakin merambah dan meluas
menjadi kajian sastra karena mampu mengungkap karya-karya sastra yang bernilai
tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi sebagai Ilmu
Bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Teks-teks masa lampau yang dikaji dalam filologi,
menggunakan bahasa yang berlaku pada masa teks tersebut ditulis. Oleh karena
itu, peranan ilmu bahasa, khususnya linguistik diakronis sangat diperlukan
dalam studi filologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi sebagai Studi
Teks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi sebagai istilah, juga dipakai secara khusus
di Belanda dan beberapa negara di Eropa daratan. Filologi dalam pengertian ini
dipandang sebagai studi tentang seluk-beluk teks, di antaranya dengan jalan
melakukan kritik teks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi dalam perkembangannya yang mutakhir, dalam
arti sempit berarti mempelajari teks-teks lama yang sampai pada kita di dalam
bentuk salinan-salinanya dengan tujuan menemukan bentuk asli teks untuk
mengetahui maksud penyusunan teks tersebut. Filologi dalam arti luas berarti
mempelajari kebudayaan, pranata, dan sejarah suatu bangsa sebagaimana yang
terdapat dalam bahan-bahan tertulis.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mereka meneliti teks-teks lama dari bahasa Yunani dengan tujuan menemukan
bentuknya yang asli dan bebas dari kesalahan penulisan serta mengetahui tujuan
penulisnya. Dari kegiatan ini dapat diketahui pentingnya pengkajian secara
mendalam terhadap bahasa dan kebudayaan yang melatar belakangi lahirnya teks.
Kegiata filologi yang menitikberatkan pada bacaan yang salah ini disebut
dengan <i>filologi tradisional. </i>Kemudian istilah filologi dipakai
sebagai sastra ilmiah, ketika teks-teks yang dikaji berupa sastra yang bernilai
tinggi, seperti karya Yunani kuno. Selanjutnya istilah filologi digunakan untuk
menyebut studi bahasa dan ilmu bahasa <i>(linguistik).</i> Karena
pentingnya peranan bahasa dalam mengkaji teks sehingga kajian utamanya adalah
bahasa, dan terutama bahasa teks-teks yang lama. Sedangkan istilah filologi dalam
arti studi teks adalah suatu studi yang melakukan penelaahan dengan mengadakan
kritik teks.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam perkembangannya, kajian filologi menitikberatkan pada perbedan yang
ada dalam berbagai naskah sebagai suatu penciptaan dan melihat
perbedaan-perbedaan sebagai alternatif yang positif. Dalam hubungan inilah
suatu naskah dipandang sebagai penciptaan kembali (baru), karena mencerminkan
perhatian yang aktif dari pembacanya. Sedangkan berbagai bacaan atau varian
yang ada diartikan sebagai pengungkapan kegiatan yang kreatif untuk memahami,
menafsirkan, dan membetulkan teks yang dianggap tidak tepat. Dalam proses
pembetulan ini harus dikaitkan dengan ilmu bahasa, sastra, budaya, keagamaan,
dan tata politik yang ada pada zamannya. Cara kerja filologi yang demikian
disebut dengan <i>filologi modern.</i> Maka yang dimaksud dengan istilah
filologi adalah usaha dalam memahami teks sebuah naskah dengan memperhatikan
berbagai kajian, yang dimaksudkan untuk memurnikannya dari kesalahan-kesalahan
dalam proses penyalinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan dan Fungsi Filologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara umum filologi
bertujuan untuk menertibkan, menyunting dan menganalisis suatu naskah kuno<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>. Tentu
dalam hal ini sangat memertlukan disiplin-disiplin ilmu lainnya, seperti
sejarah, filsafat, sosiologi, antropologi, sejarah agama, dan sejarah
perkembangan hukum (terutama hukum adat). Maka dapat dikatakan bahwa secara
praktis penelitian filologi dilakukan untuk tujuan menunjang ilmu-ilmu lain.
Sedangkan secara metodologis dilakukan karena banyaknya naskah kuno yang masih
harus diuji otentisitas isi kandungan atau teksnya. Pengujian otentisitas atau
kemurnian suatu teks harus dilakukan secara cermat dan kritis terhadap semua
varian yang terdapat dalam teks, yang dimaksudkan agar dapat menghasilkan suatu
teks yang mendekati aslinya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemungkinan varian teks
dalam berbagai naskah dapat dilihat dari riwayat kemunnculan teks itu sendiri.
De Haan berpendapat bahwa proses terjadinya teks ada beberapa kemungkinan,
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aslinya ada dalam ingatan pengarang, dan apabila seseorang ingin memiliki
teks itu dapat menulisnya melalui dikte. Maka setiap teks diturunkan (ditulis)
dapat bervariasi, dan perbedaan teks adalah bukti dari berbagai pelaksanaan
penurunan dan perkembangan cerita sepanjang hidup pengarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aslinya adalah teks tertulis kurang lebih merupakan kerangka yang masih
memungkinkan atau memerlukan kebebasan seni.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aslinya merupakan teks yang tidak memungkinkan untuk diadakan penyempurnaan
karena pengarangnya telah menentukan pilihan kata yang ketat dalam bentuk
literer. Hal ini pada zaman sekarang yang sudah ada mesin fotocopi tidak begitu
merupan kendala, tetapi pada zaman dulu sebuah naskah diperbanyak dengan cara
menulis ulang dengan tangan dan resiko kesalahan sangat dimungkinkan. Beberapa
kesalahan disebabkan antara lain; penyalin kurang memahami bahasa atau pokok
persoalan naskah yang disalin, atau mungkin karena tulisannya kurang jelas
(kabur/buram), atau karena ketidak telitian penyalin sehingga beberapa huruf
hilang (haplografi).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan secara rinci dapat dikatakan bahwa filologi
mempunyai tujuan umum dan tujuan khusus, di antaranya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan umum:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memahami sejauh mana
perkembangan suatu bangsa melalui sastranya, baik tulisan maupun lisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memahami makna dan
fungsi teks bagi masyarakat penciptanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengungkapkan
nilai-nilai budaya lama sebagai alternatif pengembangan kebudayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Tujuan khusus:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menyunting sebuah teks
yang dipandang dekat dengan teks aslinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengungkapkan sejarah
terjadinya teks dan sejarah perkembangannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengungkapkan persepsi
pembaca pada setiap kurun atau zaman penerimaannya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan kegunaan dari
hasil penelitian filologi adalah sebagai suatu informasi yang sangat berharga
bagi khalayak umum dan dapat digunakan oleh cabang-cabang ilmu lain, seperti
sejarah, hukum, agama, kebahasaan, kebudayaan. Nabilah Lubis yang mengutip
perkataan Haryati Soebadio bahwa filologi adalah pekerjaan kasar yang
menyiapkan suatu naskah untuk bisa dipergunakan oleh orang lain dalam berbagai
disiplin ilmu. Jadi hasil dari penelitian naskah merupakan sumbangan pemikiran
yang sangat berarti, terlebih dalam rangka memperkenalkan buah pikiran para
pendahulu, sehingga dapat di kenal dan diketahui oleh generasi berikutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun dalam sebuah
catatan, kajian filologi ini mempunyai kompleksitas dalam penggunaan teks
sastra sebagai kajian sumber sejarah, misalnya p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">andangan
yang diungkapkan oleh P. E. de Josselin de Jong, ketika membahas ciri </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sejarah Melayu</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Dia mencontohkan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Salasilah Kutai</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> sebagai teks sejarah Melayu yang mengandung fungsi takhayul
sebagai pemelihara mitos negara yang dipakai dalam ritual negara. Akan tetapi,
dia juga menunjukkan perbedaan ciri antara historiografi Jawa dan Sedjarah
Melaju. Menurutnya, atmosfer Sejarah Melayu lebih realistik. Meskipun demikian,
eksposisi Jong, menurut Ras, secara implisit menyatakan bahwa sebaiknya
Sedjarah Melaju diklasifikasikan bersama teks-teks Jawa modern seperti </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Babad Tanah Djawi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dari pada dengan teks-teks Jawa Kuno dari masa Hindu. Jika hal ini
diterima sebagai sesuatu yang pada dasarnya benar, tetap masih ada persoalan
apakah bagian dari Sedjarah Melaju yang berhubungan dengan mitos masa lalu
ditulis oleh pengarang yang sama dengan bagian-bagian yang berhubungan dengan perkembangannya
yang kemudian.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode-Metode Penelitian Teks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode dapat dipahami
sebagai cara atau sistem kerja. Sedangkan metologi dapat dikatan sebagai
pengetahuan tentang apa saja yang merupakan cara untuk menrangkan atau
meramalkan variabel konsep maupun definisi konsep yang bersangkutan dan mencari
konsep tersebut secara empiris. Maka metode filologi dapat diartikan
pengetahuan tentang cara, teknik, atau instrumen yang dilakukan dalam
penelitian filologi. Mengacu pada pekerjaan utama seorang filolog yang berusaha
mendapatkan kembali naskah yang bersih dari kesalahan dan memberikan pengertian
dengan sebaik-baiknya dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan sebagai naskah yang
paling dekat dengan aslinya, maka ada beberapa metode untuk mengedit dan menyunting
naskah klasik agar tugas tersebut dapat terlaksana dengan baik. Beberapa
langkah yang harus dilakukan dalam hal ini adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inventarisasi naskah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah pertama yang
harus ditempuh oleh penyunting setelah menemukan pilihan terhadap naskah yang
ingin disunting adalah menginventarisasikan sejumlah naskah dengan judul yang
sama dimana pun berada tanpa terkecuali. Naskah dapat dicari melalui katalogus
perpustakaan-perpustakaan besar yang menyimpan koleksi naskah, museum-museum,
universitas-universitas, masjid, gereja, dan lain sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Deskripsi naskah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Langkah selanjutnya
adalah menyusun deskripsi masing-masing naskah. Jadi setiap naskah yang
diperoleh diuraikan secara terinci, teratur, dan masing-masing naskah diberi
tanda/kode. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengelompokan naskah dan
perbandingan teks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam melakukan
pengelompokan naskah, proses awal yang harus dilakukan adalah mengadakan
penelitian yang cukup mendalam sehingga dapat diketahui hubungan antar varian,
perbedaan, persamaan, dan hubungan antar berbagai naskah yang ada. Proses
penelitian yang dilakukan pra pengelompokan naskah dapat dikerjakan dengan
mengadakan kritik teks, baik kritik internal atau eksternal. Langakh
selanjutnya adalah mengadakan perbandingan teks untuk mengetahui apakah ada
perbedaan bacaan di antara semua naskah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Beberapa cara yang
dilakaukan dalam melakukan perbandingan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membandingkan kata demi kata untuk membetulakan kata-kata yang salah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membandingkan susunan kalaimat atau gaya bahasa untuk mengelompokkan cerita
atau teks yang berbahasa lancar dan jelas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membandingkan isi cerita (uraian teks) untuk mendapatkan naskah yang isinya
lengkap dan tidak menyimpang serta untuk menentukan hubungan antar naskah,
minimal peneliti harus mengetahui mana teks yang asli dan mana teks yang ada
unsur tambahan dari penyalin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah melakukan
beberapa perbandingan di atas, maka selanjutnya peneliti memilih salah satu
naskah yang telah diperiksa dan dibandingkan untuk dijadikan sebagai landasan
dalam edisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Transliterasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Transliterasi ialah
penggantian huruf atau pengalihan huruf demi huruf dari satu abjad ke abjad
yang lain, misalnya dari huruf Arab-Melayu ke huruf Latin. Dapat juga berarti
perubahan teks dari satu ejaan ke ejaan yang lainnya, misalnya naskah-naskah
yang tertulis dengan huruf Latin yang memakai ejaan lama diubah ejaan yang
belaku sekarang (EYD). Namun tidak hanya itu saja tugas dari seorang filolog
agar tidak lagi terdapat kekeliruan dalam membaca dan menafsirkan naskah,
tetapi juga harus mampu menyajikan bahan transliterasi atau transkip dengan selengkap
dan sebaik mungkin, seperti tanda baca titik, koma, huruf besar dan kecil, dan
lain sebagainya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam
menerjemahkan teks, di antaranya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahan harfiyah, adalah menerjemahkan dengan menuruti teks sedapat
mungkin, yang meliputi kata demi kata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahan agak bebas, adalah seorang penerjemah diberi kebebasan dalam
proses penerjemahannya, tetapi kebebasannya masih pada batas kewajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Terjemahan yang sangat bebas, adalah penerjemah bebas melakukan
perubahan, baik menghilangkan bagian, menambah, atau meringkas teks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode intuitif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyalinan berulang
kali terhadap teks mengakibatkan terjadinya beberapa naskah yang beraneka
ragam. Di Eropa Barat untuk mengetahui bentuk asli dari karya-karya itu,
dilakukan langkah mengambil suatu naskah yang dipandang baik dan dianggap yang
paling tua lalu disalin lagi. Dalam penyalinannya, pada tempat-tempat yang
tidak jelas atau diperkirakan terdapat kesalahan pada naskah, segera dibetulkan
berdasarkan naskah lain dengan pertimbangan akal sehat, selera baik, dan
pengetahuan bahasa maupun disiplin ilmu yang menjadi pokok bahasan naskah
tersebut. metode ini bertahan sampai abad ke 19 M, sebelum akhirnya muncul
metode objektif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode objektif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode ini bertujuan mendekati teks asli melalui
data-data naskah dengan memakai perbandingan teks. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode gabungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode ini dipakai
apabila nilai naskah menurut dugaan filologi semuanya hampir sama. Pada umumnya
naskah yang terpilih adalah yang mempunyai bacaan mayoritas atas dasar
perkiraan bahwa jumlah naskah itu merupakan saksi bacaan yang benar. Dengan
metode ini, teks yang disunting merupakan teks baru dan gabungan dari semua
naskah yang ada. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode landasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode ini diterapkan
apabila menurut tafsiran ada beberapa naskah yang unggul kualitasnya
dibandingkan dengan naskah-naskah yang lain. Hal ini dapat diketahui apabila
diadakan penelitian yang cermat terhadap bahasa, kesastraan, sejarah, dan
segala hal tentang teks. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode analisis struktur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Analisis struktural
terhadap sebuah karya bertujuan untuk memaparkan secermat mungkin keterkaitan
semua unsur dan aspek karya sastra yang bersama-sama menghasilkan makna yang
menyeluruh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode penelitian naskah tunggal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apabila peneliti hanya
menemukan satu naskah untuk teks yang akan diedit, maka hanya ada dua pilihan,
yaitu: melakukan <i>edit diplomatik</i> (suatu cara mereproduksi teks
sebagaimana adanya tanpa ada perbaikan atau perubahan dari editor), atau
melakukan<i>edit standar </i>(suatu usaha perbaikan dan meluruskan teks
sehingga terhindar dari berbagai kesalahan dan penyimangan yang timbul ketika
proses penulisan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendekatan Filologi dalam Studi Islam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Az-Zamakhsyari,
sebagaimana dikutip Nabilah Lubis, mengungkapkan kegiatan filologi sebagai
tahqiq al-kutub. Secara bahasa, tahqiq berarti tashhih
(membenarkan/mengkoreksi) dan ihkam (meluruskan). Sedang secara istilah, tahqiq
berarti menjadikan teks yang ditahkik sesuai dengan harapan pengarangnya, baik
bahasanya maupun maknanya. Dari definisi ini, dapat dipahami bahwa tahqiq
bertujuan untuk menghadirkan kembali teks yang bebas dari kesalahan-kesalahan
dan sesuai dengan harapan penulisnya. Tahqiq sebuah teks atau nash adalah
melihat sejauh mana hakikat yang sesungguhnya terkandung dalam teks tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bangsa
Arab pra-Islam dikenal dengan karya-karya syair maupun sastra prosanya. Karya
yang paling terkenal adalah “Muallaqat” (berarti “yang tergantung), karya-karya
yang berupa qasidah-qasidah panjang dan bagus yang digantungkan pada dinding
Ka’bah dengan tujuan agar dibaca masyarakat Arab pada hari-hari pasar dan
keramaian lainnya.<br />
Penelitian naskah Arab telah lama dimulai, terlebih pada masa pemerintahan
Khalifah Abu Bakar. Pada masa itu, nash al-Qur’an mulai dikumpulkan dalam satu
mushaf. Hal ini membutuhkan ketelitian untuk menyalin teks-teks al-Quran ke
dalam mushaf tersebut. Ayat-ayat al-Quran yang sebelumnya tertulis secara
berserakan pada tulang belulang, kulit pohon, batu, kulit binatang, dan
sebagainya dipindah dan disalin pada sebuah mushaf dan dijadikan satu. Pekerjaan
menyalin ayat-ayat al-Quran ini dilaksanakan dengan ketelitian menyangkut
orisinalitas wahyu ilahy yang harus senantiasa dijaga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setelah
Islam tumbuh dan berkembang di Spanyol pada abad ke-8 Masehi sampai abad ke-15
Masehi, pada zaman Dinasti Bani Umayyah ilmu pengetahuan Yunani yang telah
diterima bangsa Arab kemudian kembali ke Eropa dengan epistemologi Islam.
Puncak kemajuan karya sastra Islam ini mengalami kejayaannya pada masa Dinasti
Abbasiyah. Karya tulis al-Ghazali, Fariduddin Attar, dan lainnya yang bernuansa
mistik berkembang maju di wilayah Persia dan dunia Islam. Karya Ibnu Rusyd,
Ibnu Sina dan yang lain menjadi rujukan wajib mahasiswa dan merupakan lapangan
penelitian yang menarik pelajar di Eropa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam
konteks keindonesiaan, manuskrip Islam terbagi ke dalam tiga jenis. Pertama,
manuskrip berbahasa dan tulisan Arab. Kedua, manuskrip Jawi, yakni naskah yang
ditulis dengan huruf Arab tapi berbahasa Melayu. Ketiga, manuskrip Pegon, yakni
naskah yang ditulis dengan huruf Arab tapi menggunakan bahasa daerah seperti,
bahasa Jawa, Sunda, Bugis, Buton, Banjar, Aceh dan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manuskrip
keislaman di Indonesia lebih banyak berkaitan dengan ajaran tasawuf, seperti
karya Hamzah Fansuri, Syeh Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Syeh Abdul Rauf al-Singkili, dan
Syeh Yusuf al-Makassari. Tidak sedikit pula yang membahas tentang studi
al-Quran, tafsir, qiraah dan hadis. Misalnya Syeh Nawawi Banten dengan tafsir
Marah Labib dan kitab Al-Adzkar. Ada pula Syeh Mahfudz Termas dengan Ghunyah
at-Thalabah fi Syarh ath-Thayyibah, al-Badr al Munir fi Qiraah Ibn Katsir dan
karya-karyanya yang lain. Sebagian karya-karya tersebut sudah ditahqiq, dalam
proses tahqiq, dan dicetak tanpa tahqiq .Sementara sebagian besar lainnya masih
berupa manuskrip. Padahal umumnya, karya kedua tokoh ini juga menjadi rujukan
dunia Islam, tidak hanya di Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #5a5a50; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menilik
dari sangat banyaknya khazanah klasik yang ada di Nusantara, merupakan sebuah
pekerjaan besar untuk mentahqiq kitab-kitab peninggalan ulama klasik tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Simpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Filologi merupakan kajian penelitian yang terbilang belum familiar di
Indonesia, namun disiplin pendekatan penelitian filologi penting keberadaannya
untuk mengjaji teks-teks kuno. Filologi sebagai sebuah istilah telah dikenal
sejak abad ke 3 sebelum masehi oleh sekelompok ilmuan di Iskandariah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam perkembangannya, kajian filologi menitikberatkan pada perbedan yang
ada dalam berbagai naskah sebagai suatu penciptaan dan melihat
perbedaan-perbedaan sebagai alternatif yang positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo9; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kajian filologi di Indonesia
belum banyak diketahui dan dipakai banyak orang, untuk itu ke depan
mudah-mudahan praktisi-praktisi dan lembaga pendidikan serta praktisi peneliti
hendaknya memasyarakatkan pendekatan penelitian filologi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Achadiati
Ikram, <i>Filologia Nusantara </i>(Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1997), h. 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nabilah
Lubis, <i>Naskah, Teks dan Metode Penelitian Filologi</i>(Jakarta:Yayasan
Media Alo Indonesia, 2007), h.16</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.3pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span></span></span> </span><a href="http://journal.ugm.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-humaniora/article/download/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://journal.ugm.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-humaniora/article/download/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">diakses pada 08 Maret
2016.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nabilah
Lubis, <i>Naskah, Teks dan Metode Penelitian..., </i>hlm<i> </i>53</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ebta Setiawan, <i>Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia Versi 1.1, </i>(freeware, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nabilah Lubis, <i>Naskah,
Teks, dan Metode Penelitian Filologi </i>(Jakarta: Puslitbang Lektur
Keagamaan Badan Litbang dan Diklat Departemen Agama RI, 2007), hlm. 18.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span></span></span> </span><a href="http://peternggili-pedrozhaqoutez.blogspot.co.id/2013/11/filologi-dan-sastra-klasik.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">http://peternggili-pedrozhaqoutez.blogspot.co.id/2013/11/filologi-dan-sastra-klasik.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, diakses pada
tanggal 08 Maret 2016</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nabilah Lubis, <i>Naskah,
Teks, dan Metode..., </i>hlm. 22-23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.45pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 43 Tahun 2007 Tentang
Perpustakaan pada Pasal 1 Ayat 4, bahwa naskah kuno adalah semua dokumen
tertulis yang tidak dicetak atau tidak diperbanyak dengan cara lain, baik yang
berada di dalam negeri maupun diluar negeri yang berumur sekurang-kurangnya 50
(lima puluh) tahun dan yang mempunyai nilai penting bagi kebudayaan nasional,
sejarah dan ilmu pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Blasius Sudarsono, menyoroti pengertian Naskah kuno adalah darah
kehidupan sejarah, naskah tulisan tangan ini dapat dianggap sebagai salah satu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">representative</i> dari berbagai sumber
lokal yang paling otoritatif dan paling otentik dalam memberikan berbagai
informasi sejarah pada masa tertentu. Naskah kuno merupakan salah satu warisan
budaya bangsa diantara berbagai artefak lainnya, yang kandungan isinya
mencerminkan berbagai pemikiran, pengetahuan, adat istiadat serta perilaku
masyarakat masa lalu. Ditemukannya naskah kuno membuktikan perkembangan budaya
literasi yang menjadi representasi dari berbagai sumber paling otentik dalam
memberikan berbagai informasi sejarah pada masa tertentu. (Lihat: Blasius
Sudarsono, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perpustakaan Cinta dan
Teknologi</i> (Jakarta : ISIPII, 2009, hlm.13)</span></div>
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</div>
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et.al, <i>Metodologi Penelitian Agama: Teori dan Praktik </i>(Jakarta:
PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 2006), hlm. 108.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">U. Maman Kh.
et.al, <i>Metodologi Penelitian Agama</i>..., hlm. 109-110.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nabilah Lubis, <i>Naskah,
Teks, dan Metode..., </i>26-27.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sainul Hermawan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kompleksitas penggunaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teks
sastra sebagai sumber kajian sejarah Catatan dari kajian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hikajat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bandjar</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>j. J. Ras, Journal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Universitas Lambung
Mangkurat, Banjarmasin </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-9030131959688191472016-02-20T03:48:00.002-08:002016-02-20T03:48:51.193-08:00Keberadaan Humas Penting Mengatasi Krisis Lembaga Pendidikan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKi7cU7C9GruRTiNN9T2IZZWKI6QqdoWq-jboED4ApinQgNwQiHhC2p2MphseNKrU5aIOQY4YQI2mwkcTetPThwi_3WswbIynPESiFEEStlClGShlos6hoegBPAOHk0p4ZsIcWrc2pSKVW/s1600/Pendidikan-Karakter.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKi7cU7C9GruRTiNN9T2IZZWKI6QqdoWq-jboED4ApinQgNwQiHhC2p2MphseNKrU5aIOQY4YQI2mwkcTetPThwi_3WswbIynPESiFEEStlClGShlos6hoegBPAOHk0p4ZsIcWrc2pSKVW/s320/Pendidikan-Karakter.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Humas</b> di sebuah lembaga pendidikan keberadaannya dianggap sangat penting menurut praktisi kehumasan. Keberadaan humas tersebut menurut Dian Agustine Nurimen, seorang praktisi humas smempunyai peran dalam membangun citra sebuah lembaga pendidikan.<br />
<a name='more'></a>''Saat ini yang terjadi sekolah menempatkan humas secara mendadak, padahal ketika terjadi krisis di sekolah, individu yang menjadi humas tidak saja harus paham berkomunikasi namun harus mengerti kondisi sekolah dengan sangat baik,'' kata Dian Agustine Nuriman, praktisi humas, dalam diskusi bertajuk Peran Humas Sekolah dalam Membangun Citra dan Mengatasi Krisis, di Jakarta, Kamis (18/2). <br />(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/ketua-pgri-menuntut-pemerintah.html" target="_blank">Ketua PGRI Menuntut Pemerintah Mengangkat Guru Honorer Jadi PNS</a>)<br />Seminar yang dilangsungkan di Universitas Darma Persada, menghadirkan juga Dodi Rochadi yang menjadi praktisi humas. Dian mengatakan, saat ini fungsi kehumasan di sekolah masih terabaikan karena posisinya yang tidak sentral. ''Padahal humas itu menjadi garda terdepan menjaga citra institusi ketika terjadi krisis,'' ujarnya.<br /><br />Dian menilai diperlukan trik bagaimana mengelola guru, siswa hingga staf dalam menghadapi kemungkinan krisis yang akan terjadi. Termasuk, kata dia, bagaimana pihak sekolah menghadapi media secara cerdas sehingga tidak memperburuk situasi.<br /><br />Sementara itu, Dody mengatakan semua organisasi termasuk sekolah rentan terhadap krisis. Karena itu, kata dia, tidak ada alasan bagi sekolah untuk tak memiliki persiapan menghadapi krisis.<br />(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/daftar-peringkat-perguruan-tinggi.html" target="_blank">Daftar Peringkat Perguruan Tinggi Terbaik di Indonesia</a>)<br />''Seluruh institusi yang berhubungan dengan masyarakat harus peka dan paham menangani krisis. Sementara untuk penanganan krisis yang terjadi di sekolah haruslah melibatkan seluruh pemangku kepentingan dari guru hingga orang tua murid,'' ujar Dody.<br />Sumber: republika.co.id<br /><br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-58550581822422327762016-02-14T15:37:00.003-08:002016-02-14T15:40:56.942-08:00Ketua PGRI Menuntut Pemerintah Mengangkat Guru Honorer Menjadi PNS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIIuRcrjAMXwY8S-n5iWRY6nLgK_t7UMBN9UkKVhWtU-IZ57IbrNcitGcM4E_VvqP5oK8Y1LPMqy_Mu1wPTtVjNtm2JHFX-hyrWwZtg2N5lHQxk-e-EzLfPtFzz4-lEAcfmKu7tu2s6W4N/s1600/guru.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIIuRcrjAMXwY8S-n5iWRY6nLgK_t7UMBN9UkKVhWtU-IZ57IbrNcitGcM4E_VvqP5oK8Y1LPMqy_Mu1wPTtVjNtm2JHFX-hyrWwZtg2N5lHQxk-e-EzLfPtFzz4-lEAcfmKu7tu2s6W4N/s320/guru.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/ketua-pgri-menuntut-pemerintah.html" target="_blank"><b>Para guru honorer</b></a> tetap menuntut adanya pengangkatan mereka
menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) secara bertahap hingga 2019 mendatang.
Mereka juga menyatakan tidak sepakat dengan dua solusi yang ditawarkan Kemenpan
RB.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ketua Umum Pengurus Persatuan Guru Indonesia (PGRI),
Sulistiyo mengatakan, pihaknya tetap akan melanjutkan audiensi dengan Presiden
dan DPR mengenai tuntutan pengangkatan bertahap. "Kami </div>
<a name='more'></a>tetap akan usahakan
terus dengan Komisi II DPR. Pertemuan dengan Presiden pun kabarnya dijadwalkan
kembali sekembalinya beliau dari kunjungan ke AS," kata Sulistiyo ketika
dihubungi Republika.co.id, Jumat (12/2).<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/ketua-pgri-menuntut-pemerintah.html" target="_blank"><b>Komitmen PGRI menuntut pengangkatan guru honorer</b></a> secara
bertahap hingga 2019 karena sebagian besar guru honorer saat ini sudah berusia
di atas 35 tahun. "Karena itulah kami tidak sepakat dengan usulan Kemenpan
RB. Usulan itu tak memberi solusi, sebab, sebagian besar guru honorer berusia
di atas 40 tahun. Sesuai dengan rapat dengar pendapat tahun lalu, guru honorer
harus diangkat bertahap hingga 2019," kata Sulistiyo.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/insentif-guru-honorer-akan-ditingkatkan.html" target="_blank">Insentif Guru Honorer Akan Ditingkatkan Lebih Dari 100 Persen</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pada Jumat, ribuan guru honorer melakukan unjuk rasa hari
terakhir di depan Istana Negara. Unjuk rasa menuntut kejelasan pengangkatan
mereka digelar sejak Rabu (10/2). (Guru Honorer Tolak Dua Opsi Kemenpan RB).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/ketua-pgri-menuntut-pemerintah.html" target="_blank"><b>Kemenpan-RB mengajukan dua opsi</b></a> untuk menyelesaikan
persoalan pengangkatan tenaga honorer K2 menjadi PNS. Ini diklaim sejalan
dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 2014 Tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/beberapa-demonstran-guru-honorer.html" target="_blank">Beberapa Demonstran Guru Honorer Dikabarkan Menninggal Dunia</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pilihan pertama, <b>mengikutsertakan tenaga honorer K2</b> yang
berusia di bawah 35 tahun dalam tes calon pegawai negeri sipil. Alternaif
berikutnya, bagi tenaga honorer K2 yang berusia di atas usia 35 tahun dapat
mengikuti tes menjadi Pegawai Pemerintah dengan Perjanjian Kerja (P3K).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber: republika.co.id</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-4858523536606305672016-02-13T19:18:00.001-08:002016-02-13T19:18:07.914-08:00Beberapa Demonstran Guru Honorer Dikabarkan Meninggal Dunia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkz7UINhI2I0IGpyhKGMzkTFG90Y-tzVdYvjaRoBLQTnm7XC0bTY-NkM9i_gpdsYb15k9dLLLWFo_YKpraezSwgzfV-Ay5tyByPQ-7TLEUnKfufAUBtVaAegXvnzYqLeCoic1SR29O4o75/s1600/guru2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkz7UINhI2I0IGpyhKGMzkTFG90Y-tzVdYvjaRoBLQTnm7XC0bTY-NkM9i_gpdsYb15k9dLLLWFo_YKpraezSwgzfV-Ay5tyByPQ-7TLEUnKfufAUBtVaAegXvnzYqLeCoic1SR29O4o75/s320/guru2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Beberapa hari ini gelombang masa ribuan guru honorer terus
berdatangan untuk berdemonstrasi menyampaikan aspirasinya di depan Istana
Merdeka, Jakarta. Ribuan guru yang datang dari berbagai daerah tersebut menuntut
kesejahteraan kepada pemerintah, khusunya bagi nasib gunu honorer. Mereka menuntut
kepada pemerintah untuk segera diangkat menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) dan
diperhatikan kesejahteraannya.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sudah 3 hari, para ribuan guru honorer berdemonstrasi di depan
kantor Istana Merdeka, Jakarta. Salah satu yang menjadi tuntutan mereka adalah
mereka meminta pemerintah untuk segera mengangkat mereka sebagai pegawai negeri
sipil (PNS). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hingga pada hari Jumat (12/02/2016), para guru honorer yang melakukan
demonstrasi masih tetap bertahan di kawasan Monas, ada yang terlihat semangat
dan ada juga yang kelelahan. Tak sedikit dari mereka kelelahan dan pingsan atau
dikatakan tumbang. Bahkan, ada 5 guru dan pegawai honorer yang dilaporkan
meninggal dunia. (Baca juga:<a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/insentif-guru-honorer-akan-ditingkatkan.html" target="_blank">Insentif Guru Akan Ditingkatkan 100 Persen</a>)<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ketua Umum Forum Honorer K2 Indonesia, Titi Purwaningsih,
mengaku telah mendapat laporan bahwa ada 5 anggotanya yang meninggal dunia.
"Satu orang asal Magelang, 3 orang asal Mentawai dan 1 orang asal
Cipara," ujar Titi Purwaningsih.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Namun, ia memastikan 5 anggota yang meninggal dunia itu
bukan pada saat demonstrasi berlangsung, namun mungkin saat menjalani perawatan.
"Kalau selama aksi, saya pastikan enggak ada. Namun, mungkin saat
menjalani perawatan, atau hal lainnya," kata Titi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Saat ini ia tengah berkoordinasi dengan koordinator wilayah
masing-masing untuk memastikan kabar tersebut. Titi menduga ada beberapa faktor
yang menyebabkan para guru dan pegawai honorer itu gugur dalam memperjuangkan
kesejahteraan mereka.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Mereka datang dari jauh, tidur di emperan toko, di
masjid, di bus, dan di pelataran parkir. Banyak yang sudah berumur tua,"
ucap Titi. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/ggd-diharapkan-mampu-menjawab.html" target="_blank">GGD Diharapkan Mampu Menjawab Ketimpangan Pendidikan</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"Kami masih berkoordinasi, apalagi saya baru keluar
Istana. Tapi laporan atas meninggalnya 5 orang itu memang benar. Sejak tanggal
10 Februari hingga hari ini (Jumat) sudah 5 orang meninggal, baik itu dalam
perjalanan pergi atau pulang demo. Tapi saat demo berlangsung, tak ada yang
meninggal," Titi menegaskan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber: liputan6.com</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-87801507340950771862016-02-13T19:15:00.002-08:002016-02-13T19:15:29.139-08:00Insentif Guru Honorer Akan Ditingkatkan Lebih Dari 100 Persen <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9ote3P3bYFnbifhdz5zo-3vLgpJZz-I2urZHxq7iXz-NUr0R2rfe_iL6ubfr9YhyuimKFhPJgDnvGIDFlpvbZvF5DPDIrhECvKI_mp2Meax7DfL8ol8RQy9pui3h4vNWzLH5T9p9wajY/s1600/guru2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9ote3P3bYFnbifhdz5zo-3vLgpJZz-I2urZHxq7iXz-NUr0R2rfe_iL6ubfr9YhyuimKFhPJgDnvGIDFlpvbZvF5DPDIrhECvKI_mp2Meax7DfL8ol8RQy9pui3h4vNWzLH5T9p9wajY/s1600/guru2.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Angin segar sebentar lagi akan dinikmati oleh guru honorer,
pasalnya Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) akan meningkatkan
anggaran insentif hingga 100 persen lebih. Hal itu disampaikan oleh Anis
Baswedan sebagai menteri Kemendikbud yang menangani persoalan-persoalan
kependidikan, salah satunya terkait kesejahteraan guru.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Mendikbud) Anies Baswedan
menyatakan Kemendikbud telah melakukan upaya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan
dan kapasitas guru honorer dengan peningkatan alokasi anggaran mencapai lebih
dari 100 persen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/kemendikdasmen-atasi-kekerasan-di-dunia.html" target="_blank">Kemendikdasmen Atasi Kekerasan di Dunia Pendidikan</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Insentif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bukan
PNS, yang dialokasikan anggarannya tahun lalu 43 ribu guru, tahun ini menjadi
108 ribu guru. Anggarannya dari Rp. 155 milyar di 2015, sekarang menjadi Rp.
389 milyar. Peningkatannya lebih dari 100 persen,” kata Mendikbud saat Rapat
Kerja dengan Komite 3 Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD) di Gedung DPD RI, Senayan
Jakarta, pada Rabu (3/02).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kemendikbud juga melakukan peningkatan kapasitas guru
honorer dengan pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi guru swasta, dengan program Guru
Pembelajar.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
ӆntuk Guru Pembelajar tahun ini menjangkau 451 ribu guru
dengan anggaran Rp. 865 milyar, ditingkatkan dari tahun 2015,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang anggarannya Rp. 262 milyar untuk 131.000
guru. Upaya inilah yang menjadi wilayah tugas dan kewenangan Kemendikbud,” kata
Anies Baswedan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menurut Anies, bukan saatnya lagi membedakan mana
guru pemerintah, dan yang bukan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Semua harus kita dorong, karena semua guru untuk
mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa,“ tambah Anies panggilan akrabnya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/beasiswa-lpdp-tahun-2016.html" target="_blank">Beasiswa LPDP Tahun 2016</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tambah Anis, masalah guru honorer memang bukan hanya soal
pengangkatan yang muncul masalah di hilir seperti sekarang ini. Ada masalah
rekrutmen di hulu yang dilakukan oleh Kabupaten/Kota. Di sisi lain kelebihan
guru atau kekurangan guru di suatu daerah adalah fakta. Dan itu memang harus
diselesaikan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Kita perlu menata persoalan guru honorer ini lintas
kementerian. Kita ingin tingkatkan penataan ini melalui Perpres. Karena
beberapa hal menjadi bagian kementerian lain. Tetapi Kemendikbud sudah
mengatasi masalah ini di wilayah yang menjadi tugas kami, yaitu meningkatkan
anggaran untuk insentif guru swasta atau guru honorer lebih dari 100 persen.
Anggaran pelatihannya juga ditingkatkan,” ujar mantan rektor Universitas
Paramadina tersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menurut Mendikbud yang perlu diatur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terkait masalah rekrutmen guru adalah
redistribusi guru.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Kalau redistribusi guru bisa dilakukan dengan baik, maka
sebagian persoalan bisa kita selesaikan,” tambahnya. Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/jangan-lewatkan-pendaftaran-beasiswa.html" target="_blank">Pendaftaran Beasiswa Ke Jepang Untuk Para Guru</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber:
kemendikbud.go.id</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-55220402681461018432016-02-13T14:52:00.000-08:002016-02-13T14:55:38.530-08:00Contoh Skripsi Peran Guru PAI Dalam Meningkatkan Budi PekertiSiswa<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pendidikan budi pekerti dalam kehidupan manusia mempunyai peranan
yang sangat penting. Pendidikan budi pekerti dapat membentuk kepribadian
seseorang menjadi lebih baik dalam bersikap dan bertingkah laku sesuai aturan
yang ada dan pendidikan budi pekerti diakui sebagai kekuatan yang dapat
menentukan prestasi dari segi imtaq. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dengan bantuan pendidikan budi pekerti
seseorang dapat memahami dan menginterprestasikan lingkungan yang dihadapi,
sehingga ia mampu menciptakan karya yang gemilang dalam hidupnya atau dengan
kata lain manusia dapat mencapai suatu peradapan dan kebudayaan yang tinggi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam
dalam kegiatan proses belajar mengajar menentukan hasil akhir dari siswa. Guru
Pendidikan Agama Islam tidak hanya dituntut dalam mengajar tetapi harus mampu
membina norma moral atau budi pekerti siswanya. Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam
sebagai pendidik merupakan seseorang yang memberikan pelajaran dan menanamkan
nilai-nilai budi pekerti kepada peserta didiknya agar bisa mengembangkan ilmu
pengetahuan yang disesuaikan dengan kaidah-kaidah keislaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Budi pekerti siswa menjadi aspek
penting dalam kehidupan manusia baik dalam posisinya sebagai individu, anggota
masyarakat maupun bangsa. Penguatan akhlak atau budi pekerti dinilai strategis
untuk mengatasi problem moral di tengah kompleksitas kehidupan bermasyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan struktur ajaran Islam,
pendidikan budi pekerti adalah yang terpenting. Budi pekerti adalah dasar yang
tujuan akhirnya adalah pengembangan akhlak yang mulia. Pembelajaran agama Islam
dan budi pekerti diorientasikan pada pembentukan akhlak mulia penuh kasih
sayang, kepada segenap unsur alam semesta. Sebagai pendidik, guru Pendidikan
Agama Islam menghadapi tanggung jawab yang berat, untuk itu ia harus memiliki
persiapan dan potensi yang memadai guna tercapainya suatu hasil pendidikan yang
maksimal. Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam adalah Bapak rohani (<i>spiritual father</i>)
bagi peserta didik, yang memberikan santapan jiwa dan ilmu, pembinaan akhlak mulia
dan meluruskan perilakunya yang buruk. Oleh karena itu guru Pendidikan Agama
Islam mempunyai kedudukan tinggi dalam Islam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Menurut Al-Ghazali, tugas guru Pendidikan Agama Islam yang utama adalah
menyempurnakan, membersihkan, mensucikan, serta membawakan hati manusia untuk
mendekatkan diri<i> </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada Allah
SWT.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hal ini sesuai dengan doa Nabi
Ibrahim AS dalam surah Al Baqarah ayat 129 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">yang artinya </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ya
Tuhan Kami, utuslah untuk mereka sesorang Rasul dari kalangan mereka, yang akan
membacakan kepada mereka ayat-ayat Engkau, dan mengajarkan kepada mereka Al
kitab (Al Quran) dan Al-Hikmah (As-Sunnah) serta mensucikan mereka.
Sesungguhnya Engkaulah yang Maha Kuasa lagi Maha Bijaksana. (QS. Al Baqarah:
129).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/makalah-imam-malik-dan-fatimiyyah.html" target="_blank">Makalah Imam Malik dan Fatimiyyah)</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sekolah Dasar Negeri 001 Sangatta
Utara adalah salah satu sekolah yang sedang menerapkan kurikulum 2013 yang
berbasis karakter dengan menyeimbangkan antara kualitas akademik dengan
penanaman sikap budi pekerti. Tetapi pada kenyataanya penerapan budi pekerti
masih belum berjalan maksimal sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan dalam
pembelajaran kurikulum 2013. Seperti penggunaan bahasa yang kurang sopan ketika
berbicara dengan guru, berbicara dengan sesama teman bahkan masih sering
ditemukan siswa yang membuang sampah tidak pada tempatnya. Untuk merubah sikap
tersebut tidak lepas dari peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar
Negeri 001 Sangatta Utara yang memberikan prinsip-prinsip pendidikan budi
pekerti di dalam setiap proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan serta memberikan
bimbingan dan pengarahan kepada siswa dalam pembiasaan perilaku yang baik dan
disiplin sesuai dengan nilai-nilai agama pada umumnya dan nilai-nilai keislaman
pada khususnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peran guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam pandangan
paradigma baru yaitu pihak-pihak sekitar lingkungan sekolah yang berasal dari guru
Pendidikan Agama Islam dan siswa kelas II, untuk memajukan pendidikan yang
seimbang antara ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dengan iman dan taqwa sesuai
dengan misi serta misi Sekolah Dasar Negeri 001 Sangatta Utara yang pada akhirnya
diharapkan mampu menerapkan pembelajaran budi pekerti secara maksimal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.25pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas penulis tertarik untuk melakukan
penelitian dengan judul ”<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peran Guru
Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Meningkatan Budi Pekerti Siswa di Sekolah Dasar
Negeri 001 Kelas II Sangatta Utara Kabupaten Kutai Timur”.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 23.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang masalah di atas, maka dapat dirumuskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permasalahan sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bagaimanakah peran guru
Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam meningkatkan budi pekerti siswa di Sekolah Dasar
Negeri 001 Kelas II Sangatta Utara? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Apa kendala yang dihadapi dan
solusi apa yang diambil guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam meningkatkan budi
pekerti siswa di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 001 Kelas II Sangatta Utara?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/kumpulan-judul-skripsi.html" target="_blank">Kumpulan Judul Skripsi Pendidikan</a></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> Abdul Mujid, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Pendidikan
Islam, </i>(Jakarta: Kencana, 2010), hlm. 88.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE"> Ibid.</span></i><span lang="X-NONE">, hlm. 90.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> Departemen Agama RI, <i>Al </i></span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Q</span><span lang="X-NONE">ur’an Terjemah</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="X-NONE">, </span></i><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Jakarta: Darus Sunnah, 2011), </span><span lang="X-NONE">hal. 34.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Pendidikan</b> merupakan wahana bagi pengembangan manusia. Pendidikan
juga menjadi media atau sarana untuk menuju kemuliaan manusia yang tercermin
dalam harkat dan martabat manusia. Penampilan kemanusiaan manusia sehari-hari
tampak melalui aktualisasi dimensi-dimensi kemanusiaannya. <b>Dimensi manusia</b>
tersebut sesungguhnya merupakan aktualisasi keseluruhan spektrum harkat dan
martabat manusi yang telah terkembangkan berkat pengembangan pancadaya</div>
<a name='more'></a> melalui
pendidikan. Untuk itu erat kaitannya antara manusia dan pendidikan, ibarat dua sisi
mata uang yang tidak dapat terpisahkan. Berikut <b>hakikat manusia dan pendidikan</b>
secara garis besarnya, yakni:<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Manusia adalah sasaran,
sumber dan sekaligus <b>pelaku pendidikan</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Hakikat manusia harus
dilihat secara komprehensif sehingga menjangkau seluruh aspek perkembangan dan
kehidupannya, yaitu aspek jasmani rohani, pribadi sosila, material-spiritual,
dunia akhirat, hubungan manusia dengan alam dan penciptanya. Hakikat manusia
seperti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu dilandasi oleh kondisi
manusia sebagai makhluk beriman dan bertakwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, paling
indah dan sempurna, paling tinggi derajatnya, khalifah di muka bumi, dan
pemilik hak asasi manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Keseluruhan kemanusiaan
manusia membentuk harkat dan martabat manusia yang di dalamnya terkandung; (a)
komponen hakikat manusia dengan rincian tersebut di atas, (b) komponen dimensi
kemanusiaan yaitu dimensi kefitrahan, keindividuan, kesosialan, kesusilaan dan
keberagamaan, yang dengan komponen menjadi penggerak pengembangan komponen hakikat
dan dimensi kemanusiaan, yang disebut (c) komponen pancadaya, meliputi daya
takwa, cipta, karsa, rasa, dan karya. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/kemendikdasmen-atasi-kekerasan-di-dunia.html" target="_blank">Kemendikdasmen Atasi Kekerasan di Dunia Pendidikan</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Harkat dan martabat manusi
yang meliputi 3 komponen itu merupakan jati diri kemanusiaan manusia. Dalam hal
ini trilogi harkat martabat manusia merupakan kondisi saling
pengaruh-mempengaruhi secara dinamis antara ketiga komponen harkat martabat
manusia tersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Pendidikan manusi tidak
lain addalah upaya memuliakan kemanusiaan manusia untuk mengisi dimensi
kemanusiaan dengan orientasi hakikat kemanusiaan melalui pengembangan pacadaya
secara optimal dalam rangka mewujudkan jati diri manusia sepenuhnya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Penampilan limas kehidupan
manusia yang berkembang <b>melalui pendidikan</b> (melalui pengembangan pancadaya)
merupakan aktualisasi lima dimensi kemanusiaan dengan orientasi hakikat
kemanusiaan sebagai cerminan sosok keutuhan individu manusia yang mengacu
kepada harkat dan martabat manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/revolusi-mental-dengan-penumbuhan-budi.html" target="_blank">Revolusi Mental Dengan Penumbuhan Budi Pekerti </a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-36067413043933847172016-02-10T14:06:00.000-08:002016-02-10T14:06:33.665-08:00Kemendikdasmen Atasi Kekerasan di Dunia Pendidikan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Kekerasan</b> dalam dunia pendidikan nampaknya masih belum bisa hilang. Hal itu menjadi konsentrasi dan tekad Kementrian Kebudayaan, Pendidikan Dasar Menengah (Kemendikdasmen)untuk terus berupaya mengatasi kekerasan dalam dunia pendidikan. salah satunya dengan membentuk gugus tugas anti kekerasan di setiap sekolah.<br />
<a name='more'></a><b>Kemendikdasmen</b> mendesak gugus tugas anti kekerasan dibuat di setiap sekolah. Menurut Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Hamid Muhammad, gugus tugas anti kekerasan tersebut sebagai salah satu unsur dalam hal pengawasan dan pencegahan kepada anak.<br />
<br />
“<b>Gugus tugas anti kekerasan</b> di setiap sekolah harus dibentuk,” kata Hamid saat dihubungi, Senin (8/2).<br />
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/02/revolusi-mental-dengan-penumbuhan-budi.html" target="_blank">Revolusi Mental Dengan Penumbuhan Budi Pekerti</a>)<br />
Ia mengungkapkan, selain pengawasan utama dari orang tua, gugus anti kekerasan di sekolah berfungsi menjadi tempat untuk mengawasi tindak tanduk anak, sekaligus merespon cepat keluhan dari anak. Di gugus juga, anak diajak berkomunikasi terkait hal-hal yang dirasakan oleh anak tersebut. Hamid melanjutkan, hal itu sebagai langkah antisipasi mencegah kekerasan terhadap anak.<br />
<br />
“<b>Gugus</b> sebenarnya mengawasi tindak kekerasan di sekolah dan di lingkungan sekolah, dengan gugus sekolah itu, menjadi kewajiban sekolah mengawasi tindak tanduk siswanya terutama di dalam sekolah, kalau di luar sekolah, juga cepet merespon apa yang terjadi di anak didiknya,” ujarnya.<br />
<br />
Ia pun mendesak gugus anti kekerasan di sekolah dibentuk di daerah yang memiliki tingkat kerawanan cukup tinggi. Menurutnya, gugus tugas itu juga sesuai arahan Peraturan Menteri (Permen) Dikdasmen kepada sekolah-sekolah terkait pencegahan dan penaggulangan <b>kekerasan kepada anak</b>.<br />
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/gawat-pendidikan-indonesia-jauh.html" target="_blank">Gawat: Pendidikan Indonesia Jauh Tertinggal</a>)<br />
Dalam aturan itu, Pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini melalui <b>Dinas Pendidikan</b> masing-masing daerah juga harus membentuk gugus tugas pencegahan dan penanggulangan kekerasan siswa tersebut.<br />
<br />
Meski begitu, Hamid juga tetap menekankan kepada orang tua yang merupakan unsur utama dalam komunikasi kepada anak, juga senantiasa memberikan <b>pengawasan penuh kepada anak</b>. Apalagi, untuk anak usia dini yang masih dalam pengawasan ketat orang tuanya.<br />
<br />
“Dimana saja, tapi khususnya daerah yang tingkat krimintralitasnya cukup tinggi, orang tua itu harus memantau, jangan dibiarkan lepas dari pantauan, apalagi <b>anak kecil</b> yang belum ngerti,” katanya.<br />
<br />
Sumber: republika.co.idAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-88025764042625715922016-02-09T14:30:00.003-08:002016-02-09T14:30:35.192-08:00Revolusi Mental Dengan Penumbuhan Budi Pekerti<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Gerakan revolusi mental</b> yang sering dilihat jargon-jargonnya, nampaknya kini bukan isapan jempol semata. seperti yang pernah jadi pembicaraan publik, revolusi mental salah satunya dilakukan dari dunia pendidikan. revolusi mental yang ditunggu-tunggu gerakannya kini mulai terlihat, salah satunya melalui penumbuhan budi pekerti.<br />
<a name='more'></a><b>Kemendikbud</b> --- Aplikasi nyata dari gerakan Revolusi Mental sudah mulai diterapkan di lingkungan sekolah. Bentuknya salah satunya adalah Gerakan Penumbuhan <b>Budi Pekerti</b> di Sekolah. Hal tersebut diungkapkan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Mendikbud) Anies Baswedan ketika berbicara di Diskusi Panel dengan tajuk "Revolusi Mental Pers Indonesia Menuju Pers Profesional dan Sejahtera", di Hotel Lombok Raya Mataram, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), Senin (8/2/2016).<br /><br />"Di dunia pendidikan ini kita lebih dari sekedar melaksanakan <b>Revolusi Mental</b>, tapi kita memberikan contoh-contoh aplikasi dari Revolusi Mental tersebut agar dapat diterapkan," kata Anies. Menurutnya, dengan contoh-contoh penerapan Revolusi Mental di sekolah, pihak sekolah memiliki panduan untuk mengaplikasikannya.<br /> (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-karakter-sebagai-landasan.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Karakter Sebagai Landasan Gerak Revolusi Mental</a>)<br />Gerakan Penumbuhan <b>Budi Pekerti</b> di Sekolah tersebut tidak hanya dimasukkan ke kegiatan intra kurikuler saja, namun juga kegiatan ekstra kurikuler, dan non kurikuler. "Karakter seperti kepemimpinan misalnya tidak dapat diperoleh dalam kegiatan intra kurikuler, namun pada kegiatan di luar itu," tambah Mendikbud.<br /><br />Selain itu pemerintah juga menaruh perhatian serius pada aspek integritas pelaku pendidikan. Salah satu praktiknya adalah pemerintah mengapresiasi sekolah dengan indeks integritas yang tinggi. "Kita juga akan membuka informasi indeks integritas UN ini seluas-luasnya agar ada rasa malu bagi daerah yang integritasnya rendah," katanya.<br /> (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/desain-pembelajaran-dan-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Desain Pembelajaran Pendidikan Karakter</a>)<br /><b>Mendikbud </b>yang berbicara di depan para insan pers tersebut, mengajak para insan pers mengawal gerakan <b>Revolusi Menta</b>l yang dilaksanakan pemerintah. Informasi yang mendidik yang disampaikan para insan pers dapat menjadi oksigen bagi tumbuhnya ekosistem pendidikan dan kebudayaan di Indonesia. "Mari kita kawal gerakan ini bersama-sama," ajak Mendikbud.<br />Sumber: kemdikbud.go.id<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-76000163463129989422016-02-07T12:07:00.000-08:002016-02-07T12:07:04.005-08:00Makalah Imam Malik dan Fatimiyyah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<div class="WordSection1">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu abdullah </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik" title="Malik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Malik</span></a></b><span style="color: #252525;"> bin Anas bin Malik bin Abi Amirbin Amr bin al-Haris
bin Ghaiman bin Jutsail binAmr bin al-Haris Dzi Ashbah</span>, atau yang
dikenal dengan Imam Malik merupakan ulama besar yang nama dan wibawanya
terkenal seantero jagad raya, bahkan karyanya hingga hari ini menjadi sumber
rujukan dalam pengambilan sebuah hukum sekaligus sebagai pedoman manusia
khususnya umat islam dalam peribadatnnya. Imam Malik merupakan manusia biasa
seperti pada umumnya, namun banyak ulama yang cukup tersanjung dan kagum dengan
Imam Malik baik dari segi fisik maupun karakternya.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebuah sosok ulama yang dikenal
berpenampilan rapi dan menarik tersebut menjadi salah satu Imam Mazhab dari
empat Imam Mazhab terkemuka di dunia. Sperti apa sosok Imam Malik dan karyanya,
di bawah ini akan dibahas tentang Imam Malik dan kehidupannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam hal fase yang berbeda, ada juga sebuah dinasti
yang turut memberi warna dalam corak pembangunan negara dan agama hingga hari
ini, namun dinasti tersebut bagi sebagian kalangan kurang familiar, padahal
peran-perannya hingga hari ini diakui atau tidak menjadi bagian yang tak
terlepaskan dari sejarah dan pembangunan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ialah Dinasti Fatimiyah yang menyatakan dirinya
sebagai keturunan langsung Hadrat Ali dan Fatimyah dari Isma’il, anak Jafar
Shiddiq, keturunan ke enam dari Ali ibn Abi Thalib. Nama dinasti ini
dinisbatkan kepada Fatimah Az-Zahrah putri Nabi Muhammad SAW<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dinasti ini tergolong ke dalam pengikut Syi’ah Isma’iliyah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahun 860, kelompok Isma’iliyah pindah ke daerah
Salamiyah, dan di sinilah mereka membuat kekuatan dengan gerakan propagandis
dengan tokohnya yang bernama Sa’id ibn Husayn. Dengan cara rahasia, gerakan ini
menyusupkan utusan-utusan ke daerah-daerah muslim, terutama Afrika dan Mesir
untuk menyebarkan doktrin Ismailiyah kepada rakyat. Cara inilah kemudian
menjadi landasan pertama kemunculan Dinasti Fatimiyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebangkitan Dinasti ini berasal dari suatu tempat yang
kini dikenal sebagai Tunisia (<i>Ifriqiyyah</i>) ketika Dinasti Abbasiah di
baghdad mulai melemah. Dinasti Fatimiyah ini adalah salah satu dinasti Islam
yang beraliran Syi’ah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Isma’iliyah yang lahir di Afrika utara pada tahun 909 M setelah mengalahkan
Dinasti Aghlabiyah di Sijilmasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam sejarah, kejayaan Dinasti Fatimiyah datang
setelah pusat kekuasaanya dipindahkan dari tunisia (al-Mahadiah) ke Mesir.
Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah lahir sebagai manisfestasi dari idealisme orang-orang
Syi’ah yang beranggapan bahwa yang berhak memangku jabatan imamah adalah
keturunan dari Fatimah binti Rosulullah. Kekhalifahan ini lahir di antara dua
kekuatan politik kekhalifahan, Abbasiah di Baghdad, dan Umayyah II di Cordova.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam coretan sejarhanya, dinasti Fatimyah telah
menyumbangkan banyak hal baik positif maupun negatif dan tentunya dinasti ini
tidak lepas dari sejarah islam yang turut mewarnai perkembangannya hingga hari
ini. Di bawah ini akan dibahas ruanglingkup tentang Imam Malik dan Dinasti
Fatimiyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut di atas, yang
menjadi rumusan masalah adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapakah
Imam Malik itu?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti
apa biografi Imam Malik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana
Sifat dan karakter Imam Malik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti
apa keistimewaan Imam Malik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 64.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
yang menjadi intisari Kitab terkenal Almuwatta Karangan Imam Malik?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinasti
Fatimiyah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapan
munculnya dinasti Fatimiyah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa
kemajuan Dinasti Fatimiyah?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapan
kemunduran Dinasti Fatimiyah terjadi dan apa penyebabnya?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapa
saja yang menjadi Khalifah dari Dinasti Fatimiyah? </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Malikiyah</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biografi Imam Malik</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Imam Malik dilahirkan pada tahun 93
H dan Wafat pada tahun 179 H (672 -758 M). Nama lengkap Imam Malik adalah Abu
Abdullah Malik Bin Anas al-Asbahi, seorang tokoh kenamaan dan ulama terkemuka
di Darul Hijrah (Madinah). Ia dibesarkan di Madinah dan belajar Rabi’ah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Kemudian ia banyak mengunjungi paraa fuqaha dari kalangan tabi’in untuk be;ajar
kepada mereka, dan menerima hadis dari az-Zuhri, Nafi’ budak yang dimerdekaakan
Ibnu Umar dan perawi hadis lainnya. Berkat keikhlasan dan ketekunannya dalam
menuntut ilmu, sehingga ia menjadi pemuka ahli fikih negeri Hijaaz yang namanya
terkenal di berbagai negeri. Bukti atas hal itu adalah ucapan Al-Dahlami ketika
dia berkata: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“Malik adalah orang yang paling ahli
dalam bidang hadis di Madinah, yang paling mengetahui keputusan-keputusanUmar,
yang paling mengerti pendapat-pendapat Abdullah bin Umar, Aisyah ra, dan
sahabat-sahabat mereka, atas dasar itulah dia memberi fatwa. Apabila diajukan
kepada suatu masalah, dia menjelaskan dan memberi fatwa”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diriwayatkan, bahwa dalam
mengeluarkan fatwa, Imam Malik mempunyai tujuh puluh orang yang biasa diajak
bermusyawarah untuk mengeluarkan fatwa. Dalam hal tanggungjawabnya sebagai
seorang ulama, Imam Malik sangat ikhlas dalam mencari ilmu serta
mengajarkannya, belau pernah berkata “Ilmu adalah cahaya, ia akan mudah dicapai
dengan hati yang taqwa dan khusyu”. Beliau juga menasehatkan untuk menghindari
keraguan, ketika beliau berkata: sebaik-baik pekerjaan adalah yang jelas jika
engkau menghadapi dua hal,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dan salah satunya meragukan, maka
kerjakanlah yang lebih meyakinkan menurutmu”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketika al-Mansur menunaikan ibadah
haji, ia berkunjung kepada Malik agar menulis sebuah buku yang berisikan
masalah-masalah illmu, dan Malik pun akhirnya menyusun sebuah kitab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Muwatta</i> tentang hadis dan fikih.
Ketika al-Mahdi datang ke Hijaz untuk berhaji, tak lupa ia pun mengikuti
pengajian Imam Malik dan memberikan hadiah sebanyak 5000 dinar. Kemudian
ar-Rasyid bersama anaknya mengunjungi dan mendengarkan pengajian Imam Malik,
juga ia menganugerahkan berbagai hadiah cukup banyak. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kitab al-Muwatta cukup mengesankan
dan mengagumkan hati ar-Rasyid, hingga ia berusaha menggantungkan kitab
tersebut di Ka’bah dan menyuruh semua orang untuk berpegang kepadanya. Namun
Imam Malik menolak lalu berkata:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“Sesungguhnya para sahabat Rasul
mempunyai pendapat yang berbeda-beda dalam masalah furu’ dan mereka kini telah
menyebar di berbagai negeri, dan semuanya adalah benar”, Rasyid mennjawab:
“Semoga Allah memberikan taufik kepada engkau Abdullah”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kitab yang sangat fenomenal tersebut
telah banyak diriwayatkan oleh para ulama seperti halnya juga oleh Muhammad bin
Idris asy-Syafi’i dan Muhammad bin al –hasan, salah seorang murid Abu Hanifah
meriwayatkannya secara langsung dari Malik. Diantara murid-murid Imam Malik
yang meriwayatkan al Muwatta dan yang berjasa besar membukukan kitab tersebut
adalah Abdullah bin Wahb dan Abdurrahman bin al-Qasim. Kemudian pemikiran fikih
Imam Malik menyebar di negeri Mesir, Afrika, Spanyol dan di negeri
Basrah/Baghdad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mazhab Malikiyah ini didirikan oleh Imam Malik bin
Anas bin Abi Amir Al-Ashbahi (93 – 179H). Berkembang sejak awal di kota Madinah
dalam urusan fiqh. Mazhab ini ditegakkan di atas doktrin untuk merujuk dalam
segala sesuatunya kepada hadits Rasulullah SAW dan praktek penduduk Madinah.
Imam Malik membangun madzhabnya dengan 20 dasar; Al-Quran, As-Sunnah (dengan
lima rincian dari masing-masing Al-Quran dan As Sunnah; tekstualitas, pemahaman
zhahir, lafaz umum, mafhum mukhalafah, mafhum muwafakah, tanbih alal illah),
Ijma’, Qiyas, amal ahlul madinah (perbuatan penduduk Madinah), perkataan
sahabat, istihsan, saddudzarai’, muraatul khilaf, istishab, maslahah mursalah,
syar’u man qablana (syariat nabi terdahulu).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mazhab ini adalah kebalikan dari mazhab Al-Hanafiyah.
Kalau Al-Hanafiyah banyak sekali mengandalkan nalar dan logika, karena kurang
tersedianya nash-nash yang valid di Kufah, mazhab Maliki justru ‘kebanjiran’
sumber-sumber syariah. Sebab mazhab ini tumbuh dan berkembang di kota Nabi SAW
sendiri, di mana penduduknya adalah anak keturunan para shahabat. Imam Malik
sangat meyakini bahwa praktek ibadah yang dikerjakan penduduk Madinah
sepeninggal Rasulullah SAW bisa dijadikan dasar hukum, meski tanpa harus
merujuk kepada hadits yang shahih para umumnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat dan Karakteristik Imam Malik</span></b></div>
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Dari segi fisik, Imam Malik dikarunia fisik yang istimewa;
berwajah tampan dengan perawakan tinggi besar. Mush’ab bin Zubair mengatakan,
“Malik termasuk seorang laki-laki yang berparas rupawan, matanya bagus (salah
seorang muridnya mengisahkan bahwa bola mata beliau berwarna biru), kulitnya
putih, dan badannya tinggi.” Abu Ashim mengatakan, “Aku tidak pernah melihat
ahli hadits setampan Malik.”</div>
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Selain Allah karuniai fisik yang rupawan, Imam Malik juga
memiliki kepribadian yang kokoh dan berwibawa. Orang-orang yang menghadiri
majlis ilmu Imam Malik sangat merasakan wibawa imam besar ini. Tak ada seorang
pun yang berani berbicara saat ia menyampaikan ilmu, bahkan ketika ada seorang
yang baru datang lalu mengucapkan salam kepada majlis, jamaah hanya menjawab
salam tersebut dengan suara lirih saja. Hal ini bukan karena Imam Malik seorang
yang kaku, akan tetapi aura wibawanya begitu terasa bagi murid-muridnya. Imam
Syafii yang merupakan salah seorang murid Imam Malik menuturkan, “Ketika melihat
Malik bin Anas, aku tidak pernah melihat seoarang lebih berwibawa dibanding
dirinya.” Demikian juga penuturan Sa’ad bin Abi Maryam, “Aku tidak pernah
melihat orang yang begitu berwibawa melebihi Malik bin Anas, bahkan wibawanya
mengalahkan wibawa para penguasa.” Imam Malik juga dikenal dengan semangatnya
dalam mempelajari ilmu, kekuatan hafalan, dan dalam pemahamannya. Pernah beliau
mendengar 30 hadits dari Ibnu Hisyam az-Zuhri, lalu ia ulangi hadits tersebut
di hadapan gurunya, hanya satu hadits yang terlewat sedangkan 29 lainnya
berhasil ia ulangi dengan sempurna. Imam Syafii mengatakan,</div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">إذا جاء الحديث، فمالك النجم الثاقب</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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“Apabila
disebutkan sebuah hadits, Malik adalah seorang bintang yang cerdas
(menghafalnya).<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"></span></div>
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Imam
Malik sangat tidak suka dengan orang-orang yang meremehkan ilmu. Apabila ada
suatu permasalahan ditanyakan kepadanya, lalu ada yang mengatakan, ‘Itu
permasalahan yang ringan.” Maka Imam Malik pun marah kepada orang tersebut,
lalu mengatakan, “Tidak ada dalam pembahasan ilmu itu sesuatu yang ringan,
Allah berfirman,</div>
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<span lang="AR-SA">إ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ِنَّا سَنُلْقِي عَلَيْكَ
قَوْلًا ثَقِيلًا</span><span dir="LTR"></span></div>
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“Sesungguhnya
Kami akan menurunkan kapadamu perkataan yang berat.” (QS. Al-Muzammil: 5)<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"></span></div>
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Semua
permasalahan agama itu adalah permasalahan yang berat, khususnya permasalahan
yang akan ditanyakan di hari kiamat.”</div>
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Imam
Malik juga seorang yang sangat perhatian dengan penampilannya dan ini adalah
karakter yang ditanamkan ibunya sejak ia kecil. Pakaian yang ia kenakan selalu
rapi, bersih, dan harum dengan parfumnya. Isa bin Amr mengatakan, “Aku tidak
pernah melihat seorang yang berkulit putih ataupun merah yang lebih tampan dari
Malik. Dan juga ia seseorang yang lebih putih dari pakaiannya.” </div>
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Imam Malik juga mempunyai firasat yang tajam, Imam Syafii
mengisahkan tentang gurunya ini, sebuah kisah yang menunjukkan kuatnya firasat
sang guru. Kata Imam Syafi’i, “Ketika aku tiba di Madinah, aku bertemu dengan
Malik, kemudian ia mendengarkan ucapanku. Ia memandangiku beberapa saat dan ia
berfirasat tentangku. Setelah itu ia bertanya, ‘Siapa namamu?’ Kujawab, ‘Namaku
Muhammad”, Ia kembali berkata, ‘Wahai Muhammad, bertakwalah kepada Allah, jauhilah
perbuatan maksiat, karena aku melihat engkau akan mendapatkan suatu keadaan
(menjadi orang besar)”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keistimewaan
Imam Malik</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Nasa%E2%80%99i" title="An Nasa’i"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">An Nasa’i</span></a> berkata,” Tidak ada yang saya
lihat orang yang pintar, mulia dan jujur, tepercaya periwayatan haditsnya
melebihi Malik, kami tidak tahu dia ada meriwayatkan hadits dari rawi matruk,
kecuali Abdul Karim”. (Ket: Abdul Karim bin Abi al Mukharif al Basri yang
menetap di Makkah, karena tidak senegeri dengan Malik, keadaanya tidak banyak
diketahui, Malik hanya sedikit mentahrijkan haditsnya tentang keutamaan amal
atau menambah pada matan).</div>
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Sedangkan Ibnu Hayyan berkata,” Malik adalah orang yang
pertama menyeleksi para tokoh ahli fiqh di Madinah, dengan fiqh, agama dan
keutamaan ibadah”.</div>
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Imam <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Syafi%27i" title="As-Syafi'i"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">as-Syafi'i</span></a> berkata, "Imam Malik
adalah Hujjatullah atas makhluk-Nya setelah para <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi%27in" title="Tabi'in"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tabi'in</span></a>".</div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_bin_Ma%27in" title="Yahya bin Ma'in"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yahya bin Ma'in</span></a> berkata, "Imam Malik
adalah Amirul mukminin dalam (ilmu) <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadits" title="Hadits"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hadits</span></a>"</div>
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Ayyub bin Suwaid berkata, "Imam Malik adalah Imam Darul
Hijrah (Imam madinah) dan as-Sunnah ,seorang yang <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiqah" title="Tsiqah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tsiqah</span></a>,
seorang yang dapat dipercaya".</div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Hanbal" title="Ahmad bin Hanbal"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ahmad bin Hanbal</span></a> berkata, " Jika
engkau melihat seseorang yang membenci Imam Malik, maka ketahuilah bahwa orang
tersebut adalah ahli bid'ah"</div>
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Seseorang bertanya kepada <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Syafi%27i" title="As-Syafi'i"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">as-Syafi'i</span></a>,
" apakah anda menemukan seseorang yang (alim) seperti Imam Malik?"
as-Syafi'i menjawab :"aku mendengar dari orang yang lebih tua dan
lebih berilmu dari pada aku, mereka mengatakan kami tidak menemukan orang yang
(alim) seperti Malik, maka bagaimana kami(orang sekarang) menemui yang seperti
Malik? </div>
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Imam <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifah" title="Abu Hanifah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abu Hanifah</span></a> berkata, "Aku tidak
pernah melihat seseorang yang lebih pandai tentang <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sunnah</span></a> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasulullah" title="Rasulullah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rasulullah</span></a> dari
Imam Malik."</div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdurrahman_bin_Mahdi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Abdurrahman bin Mahdi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abdurrahman bin Mahdi</span></a>,
" Aku tidak pernah tahu seorang ulama Hijaz kecuali mereka menghormati
Imam Malik, sesungguhnya <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Allah</span></a> tidak mengumpulkan umat <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Muhammad</span></a>,
kecuali dalam petunjuk."</div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Atsir" title="Ibnu Atsir"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ibnu Atsir</span></a>, "Cukuplah kemuliaan bagi
asy-Syafi'i bahwa syaikhnya adalah Imam Malik, dan cukuplah kemuliaan bagi
Malik bahwa di antara muridnya adalah asy-Syafi'i."</div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Mubarak" title="Abdullah bin Mubarak"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Abdullah bin Mubarak</span></a> berkata,
"Tidak pernah aku melihat seorang penulis ilmu Rasulullah lebih berwibawa
dari Malik, dan lebih besar penghormatannya terhadap hadits Rasulullah dari
Malik, serta kikir terhadap agamanya dari Malik, jika dikatakan kepadaku
pilihlah Imam bagi umat ini, maka aku akan pilih Malik."</div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laits_bin_Saad&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Laits bin Saad (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Laits bin Saad</span></a> berkata,
"Tidak ada orang yang lebih aku cintai di muka bumi ini dari Malik."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intisari
Kitab Almuwatta Karangan Imam Malik</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: black;">Al-Muwattha’</span></i><span style="color: black;"> berisi uraian konprehensif mengenai praktek normal
dan baku yang dianut di Madinah. Salah satu kelebihan dari kita al-Muwattha’
sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh Syeikh Waliyullah al-Dahlawi (1114-1176 H.)
bahwa ia tidak hanya mencakup hadits-hadits doktrinal seperti yang ada
pada <i>al-Kutub al-Sittah</i>, akan tetapi juga mengandung
praktek-praktek aktual dan historis serta petunjuk-petunjuk dari Nabi Saw. dan
para sahabat. Bahkan al-Dahlawi menyatakan bahwa hadits-hadits yang dimuat
di <i>al-Muwattha</i>’ sanadnya lebih unggul dari <i>al-Kutub
al-Sittah</i>. Dengan demikian dia lebih menyukai <i>al-Muwattha</i>,
karena di dalamnya memuat banyak referensi dari kesepakatan <i>ashab
al-salaf </i>dan dalam beberapa hal juga memuat <i>qaul </i>tabi’in
yang menyangkut masalah-masalah yang tidak ada keterangannya dari Nabi Saw. dan
para sahabat. Akan tetapi, Imam Malik juga memasukkan di dalamnya hadits <i>mursal</i> dan <i>mauquf</i> dengan
catatan sanadnya bersambung. Demikian juga dengan hadits <i>balaghat</i> (hadits
yang diriwayatkan dengan kata-kata <i>balaghani</i>), yang menurut
al-Bukhari merupakan hadis yang cela (‘<i>illat</i>), akan tetapi dibantah oleh
Imam Malik. Selain dari yang tersebut, <i>al-Muwattha’</i> juga
memuat fatwa-fatwa Imam Malik sendiri tentang masalah-masalah fiqh. Karena itu
lah ada ulama yang berpendapat bahwa <i>al-Muwattha’</i> pada
hakekatnya kitab fiqh, atau kitab hadits yang berjiwa fiqh<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kitab <i>al-Muwatta’</i> ini, mengandung
hadits-hadits Nabi, pendapat sahabat, qaul tabi’in, ijma’ ahl Madinah dan
pendapat Imam Malik. Akan tetapi terjadi persesihan pendapat dari kalangan para
ulama tentang jumlah hadits yang terdapat dalam kitab <i>al-Muwattha’</i>,
antara lain;</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibnu Habbab yang dikutip
oleh Abu Bakar al-A’rabi dalam<i> syarah al-Tirmidzi </i>menyatakan
ada 500 hadits yang disaring dari 100.000 hadits.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu Bakar al-Abhari
berpendapat ada 1726 hadits dengan perincian 600 <i>musnad</i>, 222 <i>mursal,</i> 613 <i>mauquf </i> dan
285 <i>qaul tabi’in.</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-Harasi dalam “<i>a’liqah
fi al-Usul”</i> mengatakan kitab Imam Malik memuat 700 hadits dari 9000
hadits yang telah disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu al-Hasan bin Fahr
dalam “<i>Fada’il”</i> mengatakan ada 10.000 hadits dalam kitab <i>al-Muwattha”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor utama yang melatar belakangi dari timbulnya
perbedaan tersebut, terjadi karena perbedaan sumber periwayatan di satu sisi
dan perbedaan cara penghitungan, karena ulama menghitung hadits –hadits
tersebut hanya berdasarkan pada hadits-hadits yang disandarkan kepada Nabi
saja, bahkan ada pula yang menghitung dengan menggabungkan fatwa sahabat, fatwa
tabi’in yang termaktub dalam kitab <i>al-Muwattha’</i> tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Menurut Muhammad Abu Zahra, <i>al-Muwattha’</i> secara
terperinci sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hadits-hadits tematik
tentang Fiqh hasil ijtihad pribadi Imam Malik;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Amalan produk madinah
yang telah menjadi konsensus (<i>ijma’</i>);</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendapat-pendapat
tabi’in yang dijumpainya;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendapat-pendapat
sahabat dan tabi’in yang tidak dijumpainya;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ijtihad Imam Malik
bersandar pada hadits Nabi, fatwa dan keputusan para sahabat;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendapat-pendapat yang
termasyhur di Madinah;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendapat-pendapat dan
fatwa tabi’in. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wafatnya Imam Malik</span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
Menjelang<span style="color: #252525;"> waFat, Imam Malik
ditanya masalah kemana ia tak pergi lagi ke Masjid Nabawi selama tujuh tahun,
ia menjawab, "Seandainya bukan karena akhir dari kehidupan saya di dunia,
dan awal kehidupan di akhirat, aku tidak akan memberitahukan hal ini kepada
kalian. Yang menghalangiku untuk melakukan semua itu adalah penyakit sering
buang air kecil, karena sebab ini aku tak sanggup untuk mendatangi Masjid
Rasulullah. Dan, aku tak suka menyebutkan penyakitku, karena khawatir aku akan
selalu mengadu kepada Allah." Imam Malik mulai jatuh sakit pada hari
Minggu sampai 22 hari lalu wafat pada hari Minggu, tanggal 10 Rabi'ul Awwal 179
Hijriyyah atau 800 Miladiyyah.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt;">
Masyarakat<span style="color: #252525;"> Madinah menjalankan
wasiat yang ia sampaikan, yakni dikafani dengan kain putih, dan disalati diatas
keranda. Imam shalat jenazahnya adalah Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim
al-Hasyimi yang merupakan gubernur Madinah. Gubernur Madinah datang melayat
dengan jalan kaki, bahkan termasuk salah satu yang ikut serta dalam mengangkat
jenazah hingga ke makamnya. Dia dimakamkan di Pemakaman Baqi', seluruh
murid-murid dia turut mengebumikan dia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Informasi tentang kematitan dia tersebar di seantero
negeri Islam, mereka sungguh sangat bersedih dan merasa sangat kehilangan,
seraya mendoakan dia agar selalu dilimpahi rahmat dan pahala yang belipat ganda
berkat ilmu dan amal yang dia persembahkan untuk Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lahirnya
Dinasti Fatimiyyah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekhalifahan
Dinasti Fatimiyah lahir sebagai manifestasi dari idealisme orang-orang syi’ah,
yang beranggapan bahwa yang berhak memangku jabatan imamah adalah keturunan
dari Fatimah Binti Rosulullah SAW. Sebenarnya sekte syi’ah sudah lama
mendambakan dan mencita-citakan berdirinya kekhalifahan yaitu sejak memudarnya
kekhalifahan Ali ibn Abi Thalib, namun mereka selalu mendapatkan tekanan
politik dari dinasti Umayyah dan Abbasiyah sehingga salah satu cara yang
dilakukannya adalah <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">taqiyah</span></i>, yaitu taat
kepada penguasa secara lahiriyah akan tetapi menyusun kekuatan secara
diam-diam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sukses
gemilang yang diraih oleh Abdullah al-Syi’i di wilayah Tunisia, mendorongnya
melakukan perlawanan terhadap dinasti Aghlabiah. Kemudian pada tahun 909 M.,
dia memproklamirkan Sa’id ibn al-Husain sebagai khalifah dengan gelar al-Imam
Ubaidillah al-Mahdi dengan Raqadah sebagai pusat ibu kota. Ibrahim Ahmad Adawi
dalam bukuhya Tarikh al-‘Alam al-Islami yang dikutip oleh
Abdul Gaffar menjelaskan Raqadah terletak 10 mil dari wilayah qairawan Tunisia
(Afrika Utara). Namun karena Raqadah terlalu dekat dari kota pusat Sunni yaitu
qairawan, maka pusat pemerintahan dipindahkan ke al-Mahdiyah, sekitar 16 mil
arah tenggara Raqadah pada tahun 915. Dengan demikian, Dinasti Fatimiyah
berdiri di Tunisia (Afrika Utara) pada tahun 909 M dibawah pimpin Sa’id ibn
al-Husain setelah mengalahkan dinasti Aghlabiah di Sijilmasa.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bosworth
dalam bukunya Dinasti-dinasti Islam menjelaskan khalifah pertama Fathimiyah,
Ubaydillah, datang dari Suriah ke Afrika Utara, dimana propaganda Syi’i telah
menciptakan kondisi yang baik bagi kedatangannya. Dengan dukungan kaum Berber
Ketama, dia menumbangkan gubernur-gubernur Aghlabiyyah di Iffriqiyah dan
Rustamiyah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut M.
Abdul Karim dalam bukunya Sejarah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam menjelaskan
bahwa dinasti Aghlabiah berdiri pada masa pemerintahan Khalifah Harun al-Rasyid
ketika dia mengangkat Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab sebagai penguasa <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Ifriqiyah</span></i> (Tunisia) pada tahun 800 M secara
independen dengan gelar <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">amir</span></i>. untuk
membendung kekuatan luar yang ingin melemahkan dinasti Abbasiyah, terutama
dinasti Rustamiah (khawarij) dan Idrisiah. Kemudian pada tahun 909 M. Dinasti
Aghlabiah yang dipimpin oleh Ziadatullah al-Aghlabiah III dilenyapkan oleh
dinasti Fatimiah. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tentang
asal-usul Sa’id, para sejarawan berbeda pendapat, Ibnu al Atsir, Ibnu Khaldun,
Makrizi dan banyak lainnya menyatakan bahwa ia adalah keturunan dari Fatimah,
sedangkan Ibnu Khalikan, Ibnu Ijari, Suyuti, dan Ibnu Taghribirdi menolaknya
sebagai keturunan Fatimah. Menurut Saunders, tidak seorangpun yang dapat melacak
asal-usulnya secara memuaskan. Hal itu dikarenakan oleh model gerakan Syi’ah
yang di bawah tanah atau secara dia-diam, sehingga susah dilacak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sepeninggal
Ubaidillah Al Mahdi (909-934 M), kemudian Al-Qaim naik tahta pada (934-946 M),
setelah itu digantikan oleh al-Mansyur pada taahun 946-952 M. Kemudian pada
masa khalifah ke IV, yakni Muiz li Dinillah pada tahun 952-975 M, Kekhalifahan
Fatimiyah memasuki era baru.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pada masa Mu’iz ini, Kekhalifahan Fatimah menaklukan Mesir karena Mesir
terkenal daerah yang makmur dan penduduknya dapat menerima berbagai aliran
mazhab dengan alasan melindungi kaum Syi’ah yang ada di sana. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa
Mu’iz inilah puncak kejayaan Kekhalifahan Fatimiyah terukir dan Kairo resmi
dijadikan sebagai pusat pemerintahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemajuan dinasti
Fatimiyah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemajuan-kemajuan yang dialami
dinasti Fatimyah antara lain:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membangun tata keloa pemerintahan
yang ideal dan baik dan tergolong baru. Hal ini bisa dilihat dari bagaimana
dinasti Fatimiyah menyusun struktur pengurus pemerintahan berdasarkan
kebutuhan, misalnya adanya tata politik, keuangan, tata administrasi, tata
kemiliteran, tata kepolisian, tata peradilan, departemen kemakmuran, dan urusan
perhubunngan. Pemerintahan ini juga membentuk menteri-menteri untuk memimpin
suatu daerah dan bertanggungjawab kepada khalifah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filsafat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dinasti Fatimiyah dalam menyebarkan
paham Syi’ah banyak menggunakan filsafat Yunani yang mereka kembangkan dari
pendapat-pendapat Plato, Aristoteles, dan ahli filsafat lainnya. Kelompok
filsafat yang paling terkenal pada masa Dinasti Fatimiyah adalah Ikhwan
al-Shafa.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keilmuan dan Kesustraan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa dinasti Fatimiyah terdapat
seorang ilmuwan yang sangat terkenal yaitu Ya’qub Idn Killis, yang berhasil
membangun akademi-akademi keilmuan dan menghasilkan ahli fisika, ahli sejarah
dan ahli sastra. Kemajuan yang paling fundamental adalah keberhasilannya
membangun sebuah lembaga keilmuan yang disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dar al-Hikam</i>, banguna<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini
dibangun khusus untuk propaganda doktrin Syi’ah, pada masa ini pula terdapat
perpustakaan yang di dalamnya berisi 200.000 buku yang menjadi bukti majunya
keilmuan pada masa dinasti Fatimiyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang ekonomi sosial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berkat aturan-aturan yang dibuat
sedemikian untuk kemakmuran, akhirnya dinasti Fatimiyah pada zaman Mu’iz ini
tercipta kehidupan yang sangat makmur. Hal ini ditandai dengan missalnya
terjadinya komoditas ekspor-inpor antara Eropa dan Asia, harga barang-barang
murah dan keadaan rakyat sangat bahagia. Pada sisi lain juga ditandai dengan
toko perhiasan dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">money charger</i> yang
dibiarkan tidak terkunci. Kemakmuran juga ditandai dengan dibangunnya gedung
enam tingkat sebagai kantor khalifah.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daerah kekuasaan yang cukup luas dan
pengelolaan yang rapi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ini dilihat dari daerah kekuasaannya
dari al Maghrib sampai Mesir, kemudian sampai ke Syam, Palestina, Hijaz serta
Yaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari luansya daerah tersebut,
Dinasti Fatimiyah membagi wilayah kekuasaan menjadi empat bagian, yaitu wilayah
Qus yang meliputi Mesir. Wilayah timur meliputi daerah Bilbis, Qoliub dan
Asyumm, wilayah barat meliputi Manup dan Abyar, wilayah Iskandariah yaitu
meliputi pesisir laut tengah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tata pengelolaan tanah/pertanian
yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemerintahan ini membangun
infrastruktur untuk kelancaran hasil pertanian, selain itu juga membentuk
atauran-aturan pertanahan yang toleran terhadap petani<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
serta membuat aturan penggunaan air.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kairo menjadi pusat perindustrian
tenun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa ini, perindustrian tenun
sangat terkenal dan diekspor ke Persia. Pada masa ini juga dibuat aturan-aturan
untuk melindungi para pelaku industri dari hidup bermewah-mewah yang pada saat
itu merata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibangunnya sebuah Universitas
ternama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa Khalifah al-Aziz (976-996
M), Masjid Al-Azhar mengalami perubahan mendasar, yakni berkembang menjadi
Universitas yang sangat terkenal hingga saat ini. Masjid al-Azhar juga
dijadikan pusat kebudayaan dan hingga akhirnya juga mendirikan akademi
kebudayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemunduran
dan Kehancuran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dinasti Fatimiyah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di Mesir mulai mengalami kemunduran ketika
Bani Saljuk bersama pasukannya datang ke Baghdad dan mengusir keluarga Buwaihi<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
bahkan akhirnya menangkap tokohnya yang bernama al-Bassasiri. Dinasti ini tidak
dapat memberikan pertolongan , hingga akhirnya kemundurannya itu membawa
dinasti ke gerbang kehancurannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi kemunduran
antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paham atau doktrin Isma’iliyah yang
menekankan terhadap keagamaan dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, paham ini
belum dapat diterima sepenuhnya oleh sebagian besar masyarakat yang berpaham
Sunni.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apalagi sejak kebangkitan Sunni
pada abad ke 11-12 Masehi, paham Syi’ah ini banyak ditinggalkan oleh Masyarakat
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesulitan melakukan pengawasan
terhaap daerah-daerah yang telah dikuasainya, seperti daerah besar Mesir,
Syiria, dan Palestina. Hal ini menyebabkan pemberontakan seperti yang dilakukan
keluarga Tayyi dan Pasukan Jarahid yang terus bergolak di Palestina dan
kelompok Qaramithah di Syiria. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perekrutan tentara dari budak
sehingga menimbulkan konflik karena adanya friksi (perbedaan
pendapat/pergeseran) dalam tubuh militer ketika dari mereka masing-masing
merasa kuat. Selain itu juga ada budak yang menjadi tentara berkulit hitam dari
negeri Sudan yang tidak mau kalah dengan pendahulunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peraturan dan sikap yang aneh pada
masa Khalifah al-Hakim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya pada masa ini ada dekrit
yang mengharuskan aktivitas negeri boleh ada pada malam hari (dibuka pada
maghrib hingga subuh)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>,
dan pada siang hari dipakai untuk istirahat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada sisi lain, sikap aneh penyebab
kemunduran dinasti Fatimiyah pada masa ini adalah adanya pembakaran dan
penghancuran gereja, serta larangan bagi warga muslim berpakaian Yahudi dan
Kristen. Sikap inilah yang menjadikan masyarakatnya antipati dan kewibawaan
Khalifah menjadi menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya perselisihan antara jendral
dan wazir yang membawa kekacauan cukup parah, adanya wabah penyakit, kelaparan
dan gagal panen pada masa khalifah al-Muntashir (1036 M-1094 M)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggantian Wazir/perdana menteri Afdhal
yang tidak berdasarkan keputusan awal pada saat al-Muntashir berkuasa hinggga
menimbulkan pertikaian-pertikaian berkelanjutan<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya konspirasi, perselisihan dan dendam
berkelanjutan antara generasi wazir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejadian yang menonjol
yakni pada saat Sawal menjadi Wazir, dia melakukan konspirasi dengan Meric
setelah menghianati Janggi. Tindakan inilah membawa kehancuran bagi Dinasti
Fatimiyah dan akhhirnya tentara Salib menguasai Mesir. Kemudian pada tahun 1169
Syirkuh dapat merebut Mesir, setelah Syirkuh meninggal, kemudian digantikan
oleh Ayyubi yang berideologi Sunni. Pada tahun 1171 M, Ayyubi menghapuskan
kekhalifahan Fatimiyah atas desakan Baghdad dan menggantikannya dengan Dinasti
Ayyubiyah, maka berakhirlah riwayat Fatimiyah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam
perjalanannya, selama berkuasa selama 200 tahun, Dinasti Fatimyah dipimpin oleh
14 Khalifah, tetapi yang terlihat menonjol berperan adalah hanya 8 Khalifah<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Khalifah Ubaidilah Al-Mahdi
(909-934), pendiri Dinasti Fatimiyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu al-Qasim Muhammad al-Qa’im bi
Amr Allah bin al-Mahdi Ubaidillah (934-946).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Isma’il al-Mansur bi-llah (946-952).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu Tamim Ma’add al-Mu’iz li-Din
Allah (952 M – 975) M. Mesir ditaklukkan semasa pemerintahannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu Mansur Nizar al-‘Aziz bi-llah
(975 M – 996 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu ‘Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim bi-Amr
Allah (996M – 1021 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu’l-Hasan ‘Ali al-Zahir li-I’zaz
Din Allah (1021 M – 1036 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu Tamim Ma’add al-Mustanhir
bi-llah (1036 M – 1094 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-Musta’li bi-Allah (1094 M-1101
M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-Amir bi Ahkam Allah (1101 M –
1130 M)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abd al-Majid (1130 M – 1149 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-Wafir (1149 M – 1154 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-Fa’iz (1154 M – 1160 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Al-‘Adid (1160 M – 1171 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection5">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Simpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan islam dan budaya hingga saat ini tidak
bisa lepas dari peradaban dan corak pemikiran ulama-ulama terdahulu, salah
satunya Imam Malik dan dinasti Fatimyah, yang mana dalam hal keagamaan Mazhab
Malikiyah dan 3 Imam Mazhab lainnya menjadi pondasi atau landasan ulama-ulama
kontemporer dalam mengambil hukum. Peran dari dinasti Fatimiyah juga bisa kita
lihat hari ini misalnya tentang tata pengelolaan sebuah pemerintahan, mau tidak
mau, apa yang ada hari ini di belahan dunia manapun turut diwarnai oleh coretan
sejarah dinasti Fatimiyah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.55pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam hal pembahasan makalah tersebut, masih banyak
kekurangan baik dari muatan materi maupun literatur-literatur yang menjadi
pendukung. Pada sisi lain juga pembahasan antara Imam Malik dan Dinasti
Fatimiyah adalah dua hal yang berbeda zaman, tentunya di sini mengakibatkan terputusnya
atau kurang relevan jika dua hal (Fatimiyah dan Malikiyah) disandingkan dalam
satu pembahasan.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rofiq Choirul, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Peradaban Islam Dari Masa Klasik Hingga Modern</i>, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Yogyakarta: STAIN
Ponorogo Press, 2009.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdul Rozak, Rosihon Anwar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kalam</i>, Cet ke 4, Bandung: CV
Pustaka </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setia, 2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.Syalabi, <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam</span></i> <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></i>, terj. M. Sanusi Latief (Jakarta: </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Radar Jaya Offset, 2003)</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karim M. Abdul<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Sejarah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam</i>, Cet 1, Yogyakarta: </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pustaka Book
Publisher, 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sunanto Musyrifah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Islam Klasik, Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Islam</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, Cet ke 3,
Jakarta: Kencana Pranada Media Group, 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mughniyah Muhammad Jawad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madzahib al-Khamsah</i>,
terj. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Masykur A.B.
dkk,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fiqih
Lima Mazhab</i>, Cet 22, Jakarta: Penerbit Lentera, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ar-Rahbawi Abdul Qadir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As-Salatu ‘ala Mazahibil Arba’ah</i>, terj.
Zeid Husein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hamid dan M.
Hasanudin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salat Empat Mazhab</i>, Cet
10, Jakarta: PT </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pustaka Litera
Antar Nusa, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://rm-attaqwa2014.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/perbedaan-mazhab-4-imam-hanafi-maliki.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://rm-attaqwa2014.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/perbedaan-mazhab-4-imam-hanafi-maliki.html</span></a>,<span style="color: black;"> diakses pada 04 Oktober 2015 pukul 20.15</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://kisahmuslim.com/biografi-imam-malik/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://kisahmuslim.com/biografi-imam-malik/</span></a>
diakses tanggal 11 November 2015 pukul 19.03</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://pustakasastraarab.blogspot.com/2012/07/resensi-kitab-hadits-al-muwaththa-karya.html#XI0v0RUDIbS9mcE7.99"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://pustakasastraarab.blogspot.com/2012/07/resensi-kitab-hadits-al-muwaththa-karya.html#XI0v0RUDIbS9mcE7.99</span></a>,
diakses pada tanggal 11 November 2015 pukul 19.05</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Choirul Rofiq, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah Peradaban Islam Dari Masa Klasik
Hingga Modern</i>, Yogyakarta: STAIN Ponorogo Press, 2009, hlm 209.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Isma’iliyah adalah salah satu
sekte Syi’ah yang mempercayai bahwa Isma’il merupakan imam ke tujuh setelah
Imam Jafar al-Shiddiq.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Menurut Watt, Syi’ah muncul
ketika adanya peperangan antara Ali dan Mu’awiyah yang dikenal dengan perang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Siffin</i>, yang kemudian sampai pada
arbitase antara keduanya, setelah itu pengikut Ali terpecah, yang mendukung
dinamakan Syi’ah, sementara yang keluar dari Alli dinamakan Khawarij. Lihat
Abdul Rozak, Rosihon Anwar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Kalam</i>,
Cet ke 4, Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia, 2011, hlm 90.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Rabi’ah merupakan ulama yang
sangat terkenal waktu itu.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Muhammad Jawad Mughniyah,al-Fiqh
‘ala al-Madzahib al-Khamsah, terj. Masykur A.B. dkk,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fiqih Lima Mazhab, Cet 22, Jakarta: Penerbit
Lentera, 2008, hlm xxvii.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ibid..., hlm xxviii</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abdul Qadir ar-Rahbawi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As-Salatu ‘ala Mazahibil Arba’ah</i>, terj.
Zeid Husein<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al Hamid dan M. Hasanudin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salat Empat Mazhab</i>, Cet 10, Jakarta: PT
Pustaka Litera Antar Nusa, 2008, hlm 5.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://rm-attaqwa2014.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/perbedaan-mazhab-4-imam-hanafi-maliki.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://rm-attaqwa2014.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/perbedaan-mazhab-4-imam-hanafi-maliki.html</span></a>,
diakses pada 04 Oktober 2015 pukul 20.15</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://kisahmuslim.com/biografi-imam-malik/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://kisahmuslim.com/biografi-imam-malik/</span></a>
diakses tanggal 11 November 2015 pukul 19.03</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> wilkipedia</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://pustakasastraarab.blogspot.com/2012/07/resensi-kitab-hadits-al-muwaththa-karya.html#XI0v0RUDIbS9mcE7.99"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://pustakasastraarab.blogspot.com/2012/07/resensi-kitab-hadits-al-muwaththa-karya.html#XI0v0RUDIbS9mcE7.99</span></a>,
diakses pada tanggal 11 November 2015 pukul 19.05</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.Syalabi, <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam</span></i> <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">2</span></i>, terj. M. Sanusi Latief (Jakarta: Radar Jaya
Offset, 2003), hlm 168.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> M. Abdul Karim<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, Sejarah Pemikiran dan Peradaban Islam</i>,
Cet 1, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Book Publisher, 2007, hlm 190.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.Syalabi, <i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam..., hlm 186</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Karim, Sejarah Pemikiran
dan Peradaban..., hlm 192</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Choirul Rofiq, Sejarah Peradaban
Islam..., hlm 215</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i>..., hlm 200</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Misalnya petani tidak diwajibkan
membayar pajak, tanah-tanah yang dimiliki pemerintah ditentukan aturan-aturan
penggunaan dengan peraturan tersendiri, dengan ketentuan apabila tanah itu
diberikan kepada tuan tanah, maka tuan tanah itu diharuskan membayar sejumlah
uang tertentu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk melindungi petani
kecil dari tuan tanah, dikeluarkan peraturan bahwa semua tanah semua tanah yang
dimiliki penduduk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetap menjadi
pemiliknya, sedang tanah yang dimiliki tuan-tuan tanah, maka ditetapkanlah
tuan-tuan tanah itu diberikan kelauasaaan untuk menguasai tanah itu selama 30
tahun dan tiddaka boleh ditambah lagi.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Abdul Karim, Sejarah Pemikiran
dan Peradaban..., hlm 199</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Buwaihi merupakan dinasti kecil
pada masa pemerintahan Abasiyah, yang berkuasa di Irak pada tahhun 945 M.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Menurut al-Hakim, otak manusia
produktif atau subur pada malam hari.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Pada masa ini misalnya setelah
Badar (khalifah setelah al-Muntashir) meninggal, jabatan wazir digantikan oleh
Afdhal, sementara yang dikehendaki/ditunjuk oleh al-Muntashir sebelum meninggal
adalah Nizar/anak tertuanya. Hal ini akhirnya menimbulkan kelompok-kelompok
oposisi yang menentang kepemimpinan Afdhal dan mengakui kekhalifahan Nizar. Hal
ini juga menjadi cikal bakal gerakan Syi’ah ekstrim.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Musyrifah Sunanto, Sejarah Islam
Klasik, Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam, Cet ke 3, Jakarta: Kencana Pranada
Media Group, 2007, hlm 143.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-41699982190200551992016-02-03T15:40:00.000-08:002016-02-03T15:40:52.764-08:00Contoh Proposal Kegiatan Pelantikan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PROPOSAL</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PELANTIKAN PENGURUS KOORDINATOR CABANG</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PERGERAKAN MAHASISWA ISLAM INDONESIA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KALIMANTAN TIMUR</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam Indonesia (PMII) sebagai
sebuah organisasi kemahasiswaan terbesar di Indonesia lahir dan berkembang untuk
mewujudkan nilai-nilai yang tertuang dalam Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah
Tangga. Dalam mengimplementasikan ruh-ruh konstitusi dan tujuan organisasi,
PMII secara konsisten memperjuangkan nilai-nilai keislaman dan keindonesiaan
menuju cita-cita bangsa Indonesia.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sebagai titik tumpu utama dalam organisasi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">pengka</span><span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">der</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">an</span><span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">, kaderisasi
terkait erat dengan bagaimana efektifitas proses. Proses yang memakan waktu
bertahun-tahun dengan berbagai dinamikanya. Karenanya, kaderisasi tidak
semata-mata bertujuan untuk menyiapkan kader yang siap menghadapi masa pada
saat pendidikan atau pelatihan di dalam kaderisasi berlangsung melainkan juga
disiapkan untuk menghadapi masa sesudahnya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkaderan
di PMII bukan semata-mata hendak menjadikan orang terdidik secara intelektual,
berwawasan, dan terampil secara teknis,melainkan juga membekali (tepatnya:
mengingatkan) individu atas tugas-tugas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kekhalifahan</i>
yang harus diemban manusia sebagai hamba tuhan (‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">abdullah</i>). Selain itu pengkaderan juga bermaksud membangun
keberpihakan individu terhadap masyarakat besar darimana dia berasal. Sehingga
pengetahuan dan keterampilan individual apapun yang didapat oleh kader, baik
dari PMII maupun dari luar PMII, setelah mengikuti pengkaderan PMII seorang
kader diharapkan akan mengabdikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan tersebut bagi
kolektivitas., bukan diabdikan bagi kebesaran dan kejayaan individual.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkaderan
PMII harus pula mampu menjawab tiga pertanyaan besar yang pasti tersodor bagi
setiap organisasi gerakan. Tiga pertanyaan itu ialah ruang macam apa yang
menjadi medan gerak dan medan pertarungan PMII? Kemudian siapa sesungguhnya
PMII (atau kita secara kolektif)? yang notabene adalah subyek, aktor dan pelaku
pergerakan. Kemudian lagi di medan tersebut siapa yang menjadi musuh bagi PMII</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu pula, PMII
sebagai organisai pengakaderan yang perlu dan wajib melakukan regenerasi, maka
disetiap tampuk kepemimpinan PMII baik di tingkat Rayon, Komisariat, Cabang,
Koordinator Cabang, bahkan Pengurus Besar tidak bisa dihindari dan wajib
melakukan regenerasi atau pergantian kepemimpinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berangkat dari proses kaderisasi dan tanggung jawab estavet
kepemimpinan itu pula, Pengurus Koordinator Cabang PMII Kalimantan Timur yang
baru saja melakukan restrukturisasi kepengurusan perlu melakukan serangkaian
symbol legalitas dari kepengurusan tersebut, yakni perlu melakukan pelantikan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Landasan Kegiatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anggaran Dasar PMII</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anggaran Rumah Tangga
PMII</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rapat Harian PKC PMII
Kaltim</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuan Kegiatan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Silaturahmi antar
pengurus Cabang PMII se-Kalimantan Timur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengesahan/legalitas
secara simbolik terhadap kepengurusan PKC PMII Kaltim masa khidmat 2015-2017</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Waktu dan Tempat Kegiatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adapun
pelaksanaan Pelantikan Pengurus PKC PMII Kaltim dilaksanakan pada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hari/Tanggal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tempat<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peserta Kegiatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Target peserta kegiatan
sebanyak 200 orang, yang terdiri dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tokoh masyarakt</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perwakilan tamu undangan
dari Cabang PMII se-Kalimantan Timur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alumni PMII se-Kalimantan
Timur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jadwal Kegiatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jadwal kegiatan terlampir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rencana Anggaran Belanja Kegiatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adapun Rincian Rencana
Anggaran Belanja Kegiatan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">terlampir</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Penutup</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Demikian
Proposal ini dibuat, semoga apa yang menjadi tujuan dari kegiatan ini tercapai
dan berjalan dengan sukses. Besar harapan kami partisipasi dri para sahabat dan
alumni yang ssama-sama lahir mempunyai jiwa pergerakan untuk dapat mendukung
demi suksenya kegiatan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wallahul Muwaffiq Ilaa Aqwamittharieq,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wassalamu alaikum
warahmatulahi wabarakatuh.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoHeading8" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif"; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Samarinda, ….Mei 2015</span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">PANITIA
PELAKSANA</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">PELANTIKAN
PENGURUS KOORDINATOR CABANG</span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">PERGERAKAN
MAHASISWA ISLAM INDONESIA </span></b></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">KALIMANTAN
TIMUR</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">……………………………..</span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">Ketua</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">………………………</span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Batang","serif";">Sekretaris</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-1375853526648596332016-02-02T13:04:00.000-08:002016-02-13T14:41:31.618-08:00Kumpulan Judul Skripsi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-34780526984407359652016-02-02T04:48:00.002-08:002016-02-02T04:48:29.382-08:00Teknis Pendaftaran Ujian Nasional Tahun 2016 Melalui Dapodik<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seperti pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, di penghujung dalam
masa akhir pendidikan di tiap-tiap satuan pendidikan diadakan Ujian Nasional
(UN). Untuk tahun 2016, metode pendaftaran UN <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk SMP, SMA dan SMK dilakukan melaalui
Dapodik. </div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jakarta (Dikdasmen): Pendaftaran calon peserta ujian nasional
tahun 2016 akan menggunakan aplikasi Data Pokok Pendidikan (Dapodik). Demikian
ketentuan yang termuat dalam Petunjuk Teknis Pendataan Peserta Ujian Nasional
Tahun 2016.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Menu Data Peserta Didik yang terdapat dalam aplikasi
Dapodik, akan menjadi rujukan dalam penyaringan calon peserta ujian nasional.
Ketentuan ini berlaku bagi satuan pendidikan (baca: sekolah) mulai SMP, SMA,
dan SMK.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Berangkat dari ketentuan tersebut, tiap satuan pendidikan
diharapkan segera memeriksa kelengkapan dan kemutaakhiran data peserta didik.
Di antara item data yang perlu diperiksa adalah identitas pribadi peserta
didik, Nomor Induk Siswa Nasional (NISN), dan data orang tua peserta didik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Verifikasi dan validasi data NISN bisa dilakukan melalui
laman <a href="http://vervalpd.data.kemdikbud.go.id/">vervalpd.data.kemdikbud.go.id</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sementara itu, tahap verifikasi data peserta didik sebagai
calon peserta ujian nasional dapat dilakukan di laman Manajemen UN dengan
alamat sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1) Satuan Pendidikan Dasar (SD dan SMP):
<a href="http://dapo.dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/manajemen_un/web/">http://dapo.dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/manajemen_un/web/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2) Satuan Pendidikan Menengah (SMA dan SMK):
<a href="http://dapo.dikmen.kemdikbud.go.id/manajemen_un/web/">http://dapo.dikmen.kemdikbud.go.id/manajemen_un/web/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tahap selanjutnya, tiap satuan pendidikan menyerahkan hasil
verifikasi file data calon peserta ujian nasional tingkat akhir, kepada panitia
ujian nasional yang berada di dinas pendidikan kabupaten/kota. Sementara
panitia ujian nasional kabupaten/kota akan memproses file tersebut (mengirim)
kepada panitia ujian nasional pusat melalui aplikasi BIO-UN untuk menjadi data
peserta ujian nasional.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3S5iCMeg6BqunJ6izT80stLw8jQZH3HpHarYuVr8nSAJJnQfUyxRuqsCTAHUTyqDBjr7Zu6rpDqrozh11NCy1PT0jYVqJMuPu1s04dwcuKwkBvzEldbol1SoXxOYHXc44oHgJS_QAvhYJ/s1600/Alu-Data-Pendaftaran-CPUN.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3S5iCMeg6BqunJ6izT80stLw8jQZH3HpHarYuVr8nSAJJnQfUyxRuqsCTAHUTyqDBjr7Zu6rpDqrozh11NCy1PT0jYVqJMuPu1s04dwcuKwkBvzEldbol1SoXxOYHXc44oHgJS_QAvhYJ/s320/Alu-Data-Pendaftaran-CPUN.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Alur Data Pendaftaran Ujian Nasional Tahun 2016</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Untuk lebih jelas, Manual Aplikasi Pendaftaran Calon Peserta
Ujian Nasional Tahun 2016 Berbasis Dapodik bisa diunduh <a href="http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Manual-Aplikasi-Pendaftaran-Calon-Peserta-UN-2016.pdf" target="_blank">di sini</a>. Adapun
Petunjuk Teknis Pendataan Peserta Ujian Nasional 2016 dapat diunduh <a href="http://dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/JUKNIS-Pendataan-Peserta-UN-tahun-2016.pdf" target="_blank">di sini</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tanggal 31 Desember2015, merupakan batas akhir pengisian
Dapodik untuk pendaftaran calon peserta UN.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP0jbmrPMKGYGPIJGBlSeB8cXe6IzXibrlbMt0ByAw1UsX25al68-pMA5LglzxJr_as6elHpCOYn6mdgxfCGFsowTDl_DtTlZVdd8PbyqoBRyq9Be_ozbNgRrYGSkAnLqzRN5O1S9ryYpr/s1600/Jadwal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP0jbmrPMKGYGPIJGBlSeB8cXe6IzXibrlbMt0ByAw1UsX25al68-pMA5LglzxJr_as6elHpCOYn6mdgxfCGFsowTDl_DtTlZVdd8PbyqoBRyq9Be_ozbNgRrYGSkAnLqzRN5O1S9ryYpr/s320/Jadwal.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jadwal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sementara itu, untuk satuan Pendidikan Khusus dan Layanan
Khusus (PKLK/SLB) dan satuan pendidikan di bawah Kemenag tidak menggunakan
prosedur di atas. Pusat Penilaian Pendidikan (Puspendik) telah membuat prosedur
tersendiri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber: dapo.dikdas.kemdikbud.go.id</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-64963820664069989012016-02-02T03:43:00.000-08:002016-02-02T03:52:02.155-08:00Peran Jurnalistik Sebagai Kontrol Pembangunan dan Pendidikan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNIIVfwZK9Lk3FBfSrAL9oXfRbv1-m4ZPq9D8nCRZi0tr5JahYga2VaFdGANOgeth5wIjGPU0-DniMg3JJqVjsYhAVhCH0SavuOtrn_aAYsVBO158uF2ZQXadTDGrCiHOW2SCX1aTo-gSD/s1600/jurnalisme-sastra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNIIVfwZK9Lk3FBfSrAL9oXfRbv1-m4ZPq9D8nCRZi0tr5JahYga2VaFdGANOgeth5wIjGPU0-DniMg3JJqVjsYhAVhCH0SavuOtrn_aAYsVBO158uF2ZQXadTDGrCiHOW2SCX1aTo-gSD/s320/jurnalisme-sastra.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Jurnalistik</b> merupakan rangkaian atau proses yang dilakukan sebagai wahana komunikasi massa yang melaksanakan kegiatan meliputi mencari, memperoleh, memiliki, menyimpan, mengolah dan menyampaikan informasi, baik dalam bentuk tulisan, suara, gambar, serta data dan grafik maupun dalam bentuk lainnya dengan menggunakan media cetak, media elektronik, dan segala jenis saluran yang berbeda.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Kemerdekaan <b>pers</b> merupakan salah satu wujud kedaulatan rakyat dan menjadi unsur yang sangat penting untuk menciptakan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara yang demokratis , sehingga kemerdekaan mengeluarkan pikiran dan pendapat sebagaimana tercantum dalam Pasal 28 Undang-Undan Dasar 1945 harus dijamin. <br />
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/desain-pembelajaran-dan-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Desain Pembelajaran dan Pendidikan Karakter</a>)<br />
<b>Peran pers</b> sangat besar dalam realitas kehidupan, diantaranya adalah memberikan informasi sampai kepada masyarakat, baik tingkat atas, menengah, maupun tingkat bawah. Hal ini dikarenakan keberadaan pers di Indonesia sangat sangat terbuka dan dapat diterima masyarakat secara luas. <br />
<br />
Sebagaimana <b>keberadaan pers</b> dalam perspektif Undang-Undang, pers juga mempunyai peran dalam mencerdaskan anak bangsa, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, yang bisa dimasukkan dalam bingkai pendidikan. Dalam dunia pendidikan, kecerdasan seseorang sangat menentukan keberhasilan dari sebuah proses pendidikan, yang mana orang yang cerdas akan mendapatkan prestasi yang memuaskan. Kecerdasan seseorang tidak bisa datang begitu saja tapi perlu dibangun melalui kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang mampu merangsang kecerdasan seseorang, salah satunya adalah baca tulis, yang dalam hal ini bisa dibangun melalui jurnalistik. <br />
<br />
Disamping itu, <b>jurnlaistik</b> mempunyai peran yang sangat luar biasa dan menjadi faktor penting dalam pembangunan. Jurnalistik, selain menjadi media informasi juga menjadi kontrol pembangunan. Dengan adanya jurnalistik, semua warga bisa mengakses informasi dan dari situlah kontrol bisa dilakukan oleh masyarakat baik itu melalui media elektronik, cetak, online dan sebagainya. <br />
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/membenahi-ketimpangan-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Membenahi Ketimpangan Pendidikan Melalui GGD</a>)<br />
Di era perkembangan informasi dan teknologi yang begitu pesat, jurnalistik juga diharapkan mampu memberikan informasi yang faktual dan berimbang serta mendidika, selain itu juga <b>peran jurnalistik</b> diharapkan mampu memberikan sumbangsih pencerdasan anak bangsa misalnya melalui pelatihan-pelatihan dan sebagainya. <br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-35391072022665018462016-01-31T14:33:00.002-08:002016-01-31T14:33:58.533-08:00Pencegahan Terorisme Melalui Pendidikan<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2yOncIWcCnuRY9_3Urc0G4QE4HKNZT83oogXq7EkwgOSuha7fXMQiuLWDGkwIeAxcUrXLUnsbmMXS2FQgKJ6xCrDYseyVpOtMP4ncTKBXR0fu1ePI2PtSLEiED5hB6mTSI6TVtUtxkedg/s1600/teroris.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2yOncIWcCnuRY9_3Urc0G4QE4HKNZT83oogXq7EkwgOSuha7fXMQiuLWDGkwIeAxcUrXLUnsbmMXS2FQgKJ6xCrDYseyVpOtMP4ncTKBXR0fu1ePI2PtSLEiED5hB6mTSI6TVtUtxkedg/s320/teroris.jpg" width="319" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ilustrasi:itoday.co.id</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Akhir-akhir ini Indonesia kembali diguncang teror yang menyedot perhatian dunia, tepatnya pada kejadian tanggal 14 Januari 2016 lalu. Kejadian di Jl. MH Tamrin, yang diawali dengan ledakan bom bunuh diri tersebut berakhir dengan drama adu tembak antara teroris dengan pihak kepolisian. Dilpaorkan sejumlah korban meninggal dan beberapa luka-luka.<a name='more'></a>Gara-gara teroris tersebut pula Indonesia akhirnya tambah masalah, disaat problematika bangsa yang semakin kompleks, misalnya masalah pendidikan, korupsi, kenakalan remaja, narkoba, ekonomi dan sebagainya yang belum teratasi, paham-paham radikal dan ulah teroris tersebut pula mengakibatkan konsentrasi pembangunan jadi terganggu.<br /><br /> Tentu ini menjadi perhatian yang serius, di sebuah negara yang merdeka dan mengedepankan toleransi ini, Indonesia tercoreng gara-gara ulah teroris yang masih saja berkeliaran dengan bangganya mengatasnamakan jihad.<br />(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/wajib-baca-panduan-terbaru-guru-untuk.html" target="_blank">Panduan Guru Menangkal Terorisme</a>)<br /> Tentu kita masih ingat teror bom yang mengguncang Indonesia selama 15 tahun terahir sejak tahun 2000, yang diawali dengan ledakan bom di Kedutaan Besar Filipina untuk Indonesia pada Agustus tahun 2000 hingga berlanjut pada tahun-tahun berikutnya hingga pada ledakan bom di Jl. MH Tamrin, Jakarta Pusat pada 14 Januari lalu.<br /><br />Setelah kejadian teror bom di Jl MH Tamrin lalu, media ramai-ramai ingin melawan terorisme dengan “#aku tidak takut” dan sejenisnya, hal itu juga berlanjut pada aksi damai masyarakat Indonesia dengan berbagai poster yang ingin menunjukkan pada teroris bahwa masyarakat Indonesia benar-benar tidak takut. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Indonesia geram dan mengecam tindakan teroris serta ingin melawan teroris dengan daya upayanya.<br /><br /> Pada sisi lain, pemerintah Indonesia juga konsen ingin mencegah atau menanggulangi gerakan-gerakan teroris yang mengacaukan bangsa, salah satunya adalah dengan membentuk Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT). BNPT dibentuk dengan tugas pokok: Menyusun kebijakan, strategi dan program nasional di bidang penanggulangan terorisme; Mengkoordinasikan instansi pemerintah terkait dalam pelaksanaan dan melaksanakan kebijakan di bidang penanggulangan terorisme; Melaksanakan kebijakan di bidang penanggulangan terorisme dengan membentuk Satuan Tugas-Satuan Tugas yang terdiri dari unsur-unsur instansi pemerintah terkait sesuai dengan tugas, fungsi dan kewenangan masing-masing, ternyata juga belum mampu membonsai bahkan melenyapkan gerakan-gerakan terorisme yang ada di Indonesia.<br />(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pengajaran-dan-kebangsaan-menurut.html" target="_blank">Pengajaran dan Kebangsaan Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara</a>)<br /> Menurut penulis, penanggulangan teroris ini menjadi kewajiban dan tugaas semua masyarakat Indonesia, baik itu secara individu maupun kelompok, secara kelembagaan maupun non kelembagaan. Dan yang paling penting menurut penulis, dalam menanggulangi terorisme dimulai dari budaya yanag ada di Indonesia.<br /><br /> Kita lihat saja motiv-motiv yang disampaikan oleh para teroris, misalnya saja ingin mendirikan negara islam dan menegakkan syariat islam (yang menurut mereka apa yang ada di Indonesia bertentangan dengan islam). Menurut penulis, argumen itu ada sedikit benarnya, misalnya saja terkait kondisi remaja yang cenderung fulgar pergaulannya, para artis yang menjadi trend setter generasi muda dengan bangganya memamerkan kekayaannya, bahkan memamerkan kemolekan tubuh dengan menonjolkan auratnya, serta memperlihatkan tindakan-tindakan yang kurang beretika.<br /><br />Pada sisi lain, kita sering jumpai tayangan-tayangan televisi yang tidak mendidik dan hanya mengedepankan provit semata, baik itu acara-acara reality show, sinetron, berita dan sebagainya. Tentu menurut penulis ini menjadi salah satu pemicu orang-orang yang ingin merubah keadaan tersebut namun tidak berdaya, akhirnya mengambil jalan pintas untuk bergabung dengan teroris. <br /><br />Dan yang menjadi fatal menurut penulis, pemerintah belum sepenuhnya berpikir menanggulangi teroris berangkat dari hal-hal pembenahan yang berdampak pada budaya bangsa. Pemerintah saat ini lebih terlihat dan fokus melakukan penanggulangan terorisme dengan cara menangkap para pelaku teror atau orang-orang yang terindikasi berpaham radikal dan akan melakukan teror. Dan kita lihat saja akibatnya sekarang teroris lebih memusuhi aparat-aparat keamanan, misalnya TNI, POLRI, Densus 88 dan sebagainya.<br /><br /> Pemerintah sebagai yang punya kuasa hendaknya menanggulangi terorisme secara komperensif, mulai pencegahan ke subjeknya langsung maupun juga ke penyebab-penyebab orang melakukan teror. Pemerintah mulai saat ini harus berani memfilter dan menghentikan tayangan-tayang televisi yang tidak mendidik dan hanya mengedepankan provit belaka. Penulis melihat masih banyak sekali tayangan-tayangan televisi yang justru mengancam budaya Indonesia itu sendiri hingga mengakibatkan teror-teror uncul ke publik karena tidak senang dengan tayangan tersebut dan mengganggu generasi bangsa.<br />(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-karakter-sebagai-landasan.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Karakter Sebagai Landasan Gerak Revolusi Mental</a>)<br /> Pada sisi lain, yang perlu dilakukan pemerintah adalah menekankan pendidikan dasar hingga menengah khususnya lebih menekankan kepada pendidikan akhlak dan nilai-nilai kebangsaan. Dengan demikian, paham-paham radikal yang akan mempengaruhi generasi bangsa tidak akan mampu masuk kepada otak-otak anak bangsa yang sudah dibentengi dengan nilai-nilai kebangsaan serta akhlak dan kepercayaan ajaran agama yang tidak membenarkan terorisme itu sendiri. akhirnya penulis yakini dengan langkah-langkah demikian, teror di Indonesia akan dapat diatasi secara efektif dan berkesinambungan. <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-60616233412322972422016-01-28T14:30:00.000-08:002016-01-30T08:07:13.085-08:00Desain Pembelajaran dan Pendidikan Karakter<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Program prioritas pembangunan nasional seperti yang
dituangkan dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (RPJP) Nasional Tahun 2005
– 2025 (UU No. 17 Tahun 2007) salah satunya adalah mewujudkan masyarakat
berakhlak mulia, bermoral, beretika, berbudaya, dan beradab berdasarkan
falsafah Pancasila”. Untuk mewujudkan hal itu, salah satu upaya yang dilakukan
untuk merealisasikannya adalah dengan memperkuat jati diri dan karakter bangsa
melalui pendidikan. </div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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Di dalam Perpres No. 5 tahun 2010 tentang Rencana
Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional disebutkan bahwa inti program aksi bidang
pendidikan di antaranya adalah Penerapan metodologi pendidikan yang tidak lagi
berupa pengajaran demi kelulusan ujian (teaching to the test), namun pendidikan
menyeluruh yang memperhatikan kemampuan sosial, watak, budi pekerti, kecintaan
terhadap budaya-bahasa Indonesia dengan memasukkan pula pendidikan
kewirausahaan sehingga sekolah dapat mendorong terciptanya output peserta didik
yang mampu menjawab kebutuhan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pengajaran-dan-kebangsaan-menurut.html" target="_blank">Pengajaran dan Kebangsaan Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara</a>)</div>
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Pentingnya budaya perlu dikembangkan di setiap satuan
pendidikan adalah agar pembelajaran yang dijalani peserta didik guna
mengembangkan potensi dirinya tidak lepas dari lingkungan di mana peserta didik
berada terutama lingkungan budaya. Sebab pendidikan yang tidak dilandasi oleh
prinsip tersebut akan menyebabkan peserta didik tercabut dari akar budayanya.
Ki Hajar Dewantara jauh-jauh hari telah menyampaikan bahwa pendidikan nasional
haruss selaras dengan penghidupan dan kehidupan bangsa (didalamnya tentu
menyangkut budaya, adat istiadat karakter dan sebagainya).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dalam UU nomor 20 tahun 2003 disebutkan bahwa Pendidikan
adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses
pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya
untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian,
kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya,
masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Jika telisik lebih jauh, UU tersebut sudah
mencakup pendidikan karekter. Misalnya pada bagian kalimat terakhir dari
defenisi pendidikan tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu
memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian,
kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya,
masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Nampaknya kalimat tersebut juga menggambarkan
tujuan pendidikan yang mencakup tiga dimensi, yakni dimensi Ketuhanan, pribadi
dan sosial. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-karakter-sebagai-manifestasi.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Karakter sebagai Manifestasi Peradaban Bangsa</a>)</div>
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<br /></div>
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Untuk mewujudkan pendidikan yang diamanahkan Undang-Undang
dan sesuai dengan cita-cita bangsa Indonesia, paling tidak ada beberapa hal
yang perlu ditekankan dalam pendidikan, antara lain: karakter, kewirausahaan
dan ekonomi kreatif.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Karakter merupakan perpaduan antara moral, etika, dan
akhlak. Moral lebih menitikberatkan pada kualitas perbuatan, tindakan atau perilaku
manusia atau apakah perbuatan itu bisa dikatakan baik atau buruk, atau benar
atau salah. Sebaliknya, etika memberikan penilaian tentang baik dan buruk,
berdasarkan norma-norma yang berlaku dalam masyarakat tertentu, sedangkan
akhlak tatanannya lebih menekankan bahwa pada hakikatnya dalam diri manusia itu
telah tertanam keyakinan di mana ke duanya(baik dan buruk) itu ada. Karenanya,
pendidikan karakter dimaknai sebagai pendidikan nilai, pendidikan budi pekerti,
pendidikan moral, pendidikan watak, yang tujuannya mengembangkan kemampuan
peserta didik untuk memberikan keputusan baik-buruk, memelihara apa yang baik
itu, dan mewujudkan kebaikan itu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan sepenuh
hati, lebih dari itu, pendidikan karakter akan menekankan pada jati diri
bangsa.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pendidikan kewirausahaan pada intinya adalah menciptakan
kreativitas inovasi. Hal itu ditujukan untuk melakukan perubahan dengan proses
kerja yang sistematik dan berdampak baik. Proses kerja yang dimaksud seperti
menghubungkan konsep yang relevan melakukan eksplorasi terhadap hasil, berpikir
zigzag (tidak lagi bersifat terarah), atau pola pemikiran yang berbeda,
mengorganisasikan system, dan mengaplikasikan suatu standard dan etika dalam
sebuah kehidupan nyata.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Adapun pendidikan ekonomi kreatif sangat ditekankan untuk
pemecahan masalah kaitannya dengan kondisi ekonomi bangsa, nantinya peserta
didik mampu menciptakan ide-ide kreatif sekaligus ide-ide yang teruji dengan
kritis. Perlunya berpikir kreatif dalam era globalisasi ini dengan berbagai alasan.
Perkembangan yang cepat dalam persaingan dan industri, penggunaan sumber daya
manusia kreatif secara efektif dan menemukan cara-cara baru dalam memecahkan
masalah, semua ini menuntut pengembangan potensi peserta didik melampaui yang
dilengkapi dengan kekuatan kreativitas. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/membenahi-ketimpangan-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Membenahi Ketimpangan Pendidikan Indonesia Melalui GGD</a>)</div>
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Tentunya terkait tiga hal konsep yang penulis utarakan
tentang pendidikan tersebut, perlu dikemas secara apik dan tersistem dengan
baik dalam pendekatan pembelajaran aktif. Hal ini perlu dilakukan agar nantinya
peserta didik dapat menyerap dengan baik apa yang diajarkan secara praktis di
lapangan. Hal ini sesuai dengan amanat Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 2005
tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Pasal 19, ayat (1) bahwa ”proses
pembelajaran pada satuan pendidikan diselenggarakan secara interaktif,
inspiratif, menyenangkan, menantang, memotivasi peserta didik untuk
berpartisipasi aktif serta memberikan yang cukup bagi prakarsa, kreativitas,
dan kemandirian sesuai dengan bakat, minat, dan perkembangan fisik serta
psikologis peserta didik”.</div>
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Semoga bermanfaat.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-10622320416042654482016-01-27T16:17:00.002-08:002016-01-27T16:17:45.414-08:00 Mujizat Alqur'an<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al
Qur’an al karim memilki kedudukan yang fundamental dalam agama Islam. Al-Qur,an
merupakan sumber hukum pertama dan yang paling utama bagi umat islam. Semua
hukum yang berlaku dalam islam tidak boleh bertentangn dengan Al-Qu’an untuk
menurunkan hukum yang lainnya. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
samping Alqur’an sumber hukum islam, alquran juga merupakan mukjizat nabi
Muhammad saw yang terbesar dibandingkan dengan kemukjizatan nabi Muhammad yang
lainnya atau juga bila dibandinkan dengan kemukjizatan nabi-nabi yang lain.
Kemukjizatan alqur’an belaku sepanjan zaman tanpa dibatasi oleh ruang dan
waktu. Ini tentu berbeda dengan mukjizat-mukjizat yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
banyak aspek yang menjadikan al-Qur’an sebagai suatu mukjizat. Aspek tersebut
antara lain dari segi bahasa, isyarat-isyarat ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
pemberitaan yang gaib. Disamping aspek tersebut, banyak aspek lain yang
menunjukan kemukjizatan al-Qur’an antara lain tentang al-qur’an sebagai
petunjuk bagi umat manusia dan juga pengaruh terhadap psikologis dan jiwa
manusia baik yang mendengar, membaca atau memahaminya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alqur’an
adalah mukjizat abadi nabi Muhammad saw yang dengannya seluruh umat manusia dan
jin ditantang untuk membuat yang serupa alqur’an, sebuah atau sepuluh surah
yang sama dengan surah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang ada
didalamnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Banyak orang-orang yang ragu terhadap kebenaran dan kemukjizatan alquran dari
zaman dahulu hingga sekarang. Banyak diantara mereka yang mengira bahwa
alqur’an hanyalah bikinan nabi Muhammad saw bukan sebagai wahyu Allah swt. Oleh
karenanya itulah Allah swt memberikan tantangan terhadap orang yang yang
meragukan al-Qur’an.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">RUMUSAN MASALAH</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang tersebut, maka dalam pembahasan makalah kali akan dirumuskan
rumusan masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah Tinjauan umum tentang I’jaz al-Qur’an?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa Tujuan dan Peranan I’jaz al-Qur’an?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimanakah Tahapan dan kadar Mukjizat al-Qur’an?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa sajakah Macam-macam Kemukjizatan al-Qur’an?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjauan umum tentang I’jaz al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata mukjizat terambil dari kata bahasa arab<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">اعجز</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a’jaza) yang berarti melemahkan atau menjadikan tidak mampu.
Pelakunya (yang melemahkan) dinamai mu’jiz dan apabila kemampuannya melemahkan
pihak lain amat menonjol sehingga mampu membungkan lawan, ia dinamai </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">معجزة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (Mu’jizat). Oleh pakar
islam, Mukjizat didefinisikan sebagai suatu hal atau peristiwa luar biasa yang
terjadi melalui seseorang yang mengaku nabi, sebagai bukti kenabiannya yang
ditantangkan bagi yang ragu, untuk melakukan atau mendatangkan hal serupa,
namun mereka tidak mampu melayani tantangan tersebut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika kita berkata “Mukjizat Al-Qur’an”, ini berarti mukjizat
tersebut merupakan mukjizat yang dimilki atau yang terdapat di dalam Al-Qur’an,
bukannya bukti kebenaran yang datang dari luar Al-Qur’an atau faktor luar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para ulama menegaskan bahwa al-Qur’an dapat dipahami sebagai nama
keseluruhan firman Allah tersebut, tetapi juga dapat bermakna sepenggal dari
ayat-ayat-Nya. Dalam konteks kemukjizatan Al-Qur’an. Maka yang dimaksud dengan
al-Qur’an adalah minimal satu surah pendek, atau tiga ayat, atau satu ayat yang
panjang seperti ayat “al-Kursi”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemukjizatan alqur’an meliputi banyak aspek mulai dari kebahasaan,
astronomi, geografi, kedokteran dan lain sebagainya. Kemukjizatan al-Qur’an
terus tergali seiring dengan berkembangnya zaman dengan semakin majunya ilmu
pengetahuan dan teknologi dengan ditemukannya penemuan-penemuan ilmiah tentang
alam jagat raya ini dan penemuan lainnya, ternyata telah lebih dahulu
diungkapkan oleh al-Qur’an sejak beberapa abad yang lalu sebelum berkembangnya
ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi seperti sekarang ini. Sehingga muncullah I’jaz
ilmi (yang berhubungan dengan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi).</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dan Peranan I’jaz al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mukjizat berfungsi sebagai bukti kebenaran para nabi. Keluarbiasaan
yang tampak atau terjadi melalui mereka itu diibaratkan sebagai ucapan Tuhan.
Mukjizat walaupun dari segibahasa berarti melemahkan, sebagaimna disebutkan
tadi, ia sama sekali tidak dimaksudkan untuk melemahkan atau membuktikan
ketidakmampuan yang ditantang. Mukjizat ditampilkan oleh Tuhan melalui hamba-hamba
pilihannya untuk membuktikan kebenaran ajaran ilahi yang dibawa oleh
masing-masing nabi. Jika demikian halnya pasti mengandung dua konsekuensi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama, bagi yang telah percaya kepada nabi, maka ia tidak lagi
membutuhkan mukjizat. Mukjizat yang dialaminya hanya berfungsi segai penguat
keimanan serta keyakinan akan kekeuasaan Allah swt.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua, para nabi sejak Adam a.s. hingga isa a.s. diutus untuk suatu
kurun tertentu serta masyarakat tertentu. Tantangan yang mereka kemukakan
sebagai mukjizat pasti tidak dapat dilakukan oleh umatnya. Keberadaan mukjizat
ini sebagai bentuk tantangan bagi mereka yang meragukan kebenaran kenabiannya
tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap Rosul
mempunyai mukjizat yang sesuai dengan keadaan kaum dan masa risalahnya.
Rosul-rosul sebelum nabi Muhammad saw diutus hanya untuk suatu kaum tertentu
dan masa tertentu.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ketika manusia menyelewengkan (mengubah) agama Allah, Dia mengutus seorang
Rosul lain dengan agama yang diridhoi-Nya beserta mukjizat-Nya yang baru.
Ketika Allah mengakhiri kenabian dengan nabi Muhammad saw, Dia menjamin untuk
menjaga agamanya dan menguatkannya dengan bukti terbesar yang selalu ada di
antara manusia hingga akhir zaman yaitu dengan menurunkannya al-Quran. Al-Qur’an
merupakan wahyu allah swt dan merupkan salah satu mukjizat yang diberikan
kepada nabi Muhammad saw. Sebagaimana firman Allah swt dalam Surah Al-Ankabut:
50-51</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan orang-orang
kafir Makkah mengatakan’ “Mengapa kepadanya tidak diturunkan mukjizat-mukjizat
dari Tuhannya? Katakanla: “Sesungguhnya mukjizat-mukjizat tersebut terserah
kepad Allah, dan sesungguhnya (Muhammad) hanyalah seorang pemberi peringatan
yang nyata. Dan apabila tidak cukup bagi mereka bahwa kami telah menurunkan
kepadamu Alkitab (al-Qur’an) dan ia dibacakan kepada mereka? Sesungguhnya di
dalam Al-Qur’an rahmat yang besar dan peringatan bagi orang-orany yang beriman.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahapan dan Kadar Mukjizat al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada empat tahapan dan kadar Mukjizat terhadap orang-orang yang
meragukan tentang kebenaran Al-Qur’an sebagaimana firman-Nya.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama kali Allah swt menantang untuk membuat semacam keseluruhan
al-Qur’an sebagaimana yang dipahami dari surah At-Thur (52):33-34;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ataukah
mereka menyatakan bahwa di (Muhammad) membuat-buatnya. Sebenarnya mereka tidak
beriman, maka hendaklahmereka mendatangkanucapan semisal Al-Qur’an jika mereka
orang-orang yang benar (dalam tuduhan mereka)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam tantangan pertama ini mereka tidak sanggup untuk
melakukannya. Mereka berdalih bahwa mereka tidak mengetahui sejarah umat
terdahulu (yang merupakan salah satu bagian kandungan dalam al-Qur’an). Karena
tantangan pertama ini tidak mampu untuk dilayani oleh mereka yang meragukannya,
maka Allah swt meringan tantangan tersebut dengan tantangan yang kedua. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tantangan kedua sebagaimna tercantum dalam surah Hud (11):13,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahkan
mereka mengatakan, “Dia (Muhammad) telah membuat-buat Al-Qur’an, (lalu
dikatakannya bahwaitu dari Tuhan). “Katakanlah, ‘(kalau demikian) maka
datangkanlah sepuluh surat sajayang dibuat-buat yang menyamainyadan panggillah
orang-orang yang kamu sanggup memanggilnya selain Allah jika kamu memang benar
(dalam tuduhan kamu)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah tantangan kedua ini pun tidak sanggup mereka hadapi dan
mereka bersikeras tidak mau mengakui kebenaran al-Qur’an dan masih menganggap
bahwa al-Qur’an hanyalah bikinan Muhammad saja, maka datanglah tantangan yang
ketiga. Dalam tantangan yang ketiga ini, tantangannya lebih ringan daripada dua
tantangn sebelumnya sebagaimna yang diterangkan dalam Al-Qur’an Surah Yunus
(10): 38,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Atau
patutkah mereka berkata, “ Dia (Muhammad) membuat-buatnya? “Katkanlah (kalau
benar tuduhan kamu itu), maka buatlah saru surah semacamnya dan panggillah
siapapun yang dapat kamu panggil selain Allah, jika kamu benar (dalam
tuduhanmu)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiga tahapan tantangan tersebut, yang kesemuannya disampaikan Nabi
Muhammad saw ketika masih berada di Makkah. Masih ditambah lagi dengan
tantangan yang keempat yang kali ini dikemukakakn ketika Nabi saw telah
berhijrah ke Madinah. Tantang nabi tersebut telah dibadikan oleh al-Qu’an dalam
Suarh Al-Baqarah(2):23,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan jika kamu
(tetap) dalam keraguan tentang Al-Qur’an yang kami turunkan kepada hamba kami
(Muhammad saw), buatlah walu satu surah yang lebih kurang semisal Al-qur’an. Ajaklah
penolong-penolongmu selain Allah jika kamu memang orang-orang yang benar (dalam
keraguan kamu)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ayat 23 surah Al-Baqarah ini hampir mirip redaksinya dengan Surah
Yunus ayat 38. Perbedaann kedua ayat ini terletak pada penggunaan kata <i>min </i>dalam
Surah Al-baqarah ayat 23. <i>Min</i> disini diartika sebagai “kurang lebih”,
sehingga tantangan ini lebih ringan daripada tantangan sebelumnya yang menuntut
untuk membuat sesuatu yang bobotnya sama dengan al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua tahapan tantangan tersebut, tidak ada satupun tantangan yang
berhasil dilayani. Memang sejak awal telah menegaskan bahwa,</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Katakanlah (hai Muhammad),
“sSesungguhnya jika manusiadan jin berkumpul untuk membuat yang serupa
Al-Qur’an ini, niscaya tidak akan dapat mebuat yang seripa dengannya sekalipun
sebagian merka menjadi pembantu sebagian yang lain</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah semua tantang itu tidak ada satupun yang bisa dilakukan,
maka Allah swt menutup pernyataan dengan sangat tegas dan jelas yang tidak
hanya ditujukan kepada mereka yang hidup pada masa turunnya al-Qur’an, tetapi
juga ditujukan kepada seluruh umat manusia yang meragukan tentang kebenarana
al-Qur’an</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maka,
jika kamu tidak dapat membuat (semacam al-qur’an) dan pastikamu tidak akan
mampu, peliharalah dirimu dari neraka yang bahan bakarnya adalah manusia dan
batu yang disediakan bagi orang-orang kafir</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tantangan yang sangat jelas dan tegas ini tidak mungkin dilakukan
oleh seorang manusia biasa yang menantang seluruh umat manuasia dan jin dari
zaman dulu hingga akhir zaman. Hal ini hanya mugkin dilakukan oleh suatu dzat
yang maha kuasa dan dan tak terbatas sgala ilmu pengetahuannya. Hal ini
mengaskan bahwa al-Qur,an merupkan wahyu allah swt dan merupkan salah satu
mukjizat yang diberikan kepada nabi Muhammad saw. Sebagaimna firman Allah swt
dalam Surah Al-Ankabut: 50-51</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan orang-orang
kafir Makkah mengatakan’ “Mengapa kepadanya tidak diturunkan mukjizat-mukjizat
dari Tuhannya? Katakanla: “Sesungguhnya mukjizat-mukjizat tersebut terserah
kepad Allah, dan sesungguhnya (Muhammad) hanyalah seorang pemberi peringatan
yang nyata. Dan apabila tidak cukup bagi mereka bahwa kami telah menurunkan
kepadamu Alkitab (al-Qur’an) dan ia dibacakan kepada mereka? Sesungguhnya di
dalam Al-Qur’an rahmat yang besar dan peringatan bagi orang-orany yang beriman</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Macam-macam Kemukjizatan al-Qur’an</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I’jaz alqur’an terdiri dari beberapa macam. Diantara I’jaz alqur’an
adalah I’jaz balaghi, I’jaz mengenai berita gaib, I’jaz tasyri’i
(perundang-undangan) dan I’jaz ilmi dengan berbagai macamnya seperti I’jaz
al-thibbi (kedokteran), I’jaz al-falaki (astronomi), I’jaz al-jughrafi
(geografi), I’jaz<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at-thabi’I (fisika),
I’jaz ‘adadi (jumlah), I’jaz I’lami (informasi) dan I’jaz lain-lainnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di tinjau dari segi balaghi (kebahasaan)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalimat-kalimat
dalam al-Qur’an adalah kalimat-kalimat yang menakjubkan, yang berbeda sekali
dengan kalimat yang dliuar al-Qur’an. Ia mampu mengeluarkan sesuatu yang
abstrak kepada fenomena yang dapat dirasakan sehingga di dalamnya dapat
dirasakan ruh dinamika.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Al-jahidh memandang bahwa rahasia I’jaz al-Qur’an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada susunan bahsanya yang indah dan pada
komposisinya yang menakjubkan. Mengenai hal ini mengatakan bahwa al-Qur’an
adalah kalam yang berbeda dengan seluruh kalam yang lain, baik puisi maupun
prosa. Al-Qur’an merupakan kalam yang tidak bersajak yang berbeda dengan syair
dan sajak.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Quraish Shibab dalam bukunya Mukjizat Al-Qur’an, ada banyak aspek kebahasaan
yang menjadikan al-qur’an sebagai mikjizat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Aspek kindahan bahasa alqur’an bisa dilhat dari beberapa hal antara lain
nada dan langgamnya, isinya singkat dan padat, memuaskan para pemikir dan orang
kebanyakan, memuaskan akal dan jiwadan yang terakhir keindahan dan ketepatan
maknanya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isyarat-isyarat ilmiah al-Qur’an</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
banyak isyarat-isyarat ilmiah di dalam al-Qur’an yang telah dibuktikan melalui
kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Isyarat-isyarat ilmiah tersebut antara
lain dalam bidang astronomi, reproduksi, biologi, fisika, geografi dan lain
sebagainya sebagaimana yang diterangkan oleh Dr. Nadiah Thayyarah dalam bukunya
“ Buku Pintar Sains dalam Al-Qur’an, Mengerti Mukjizat Ilmiah Firman Tuhan”.
Dalam buku tersebut, Dr. Nadiah Thayyarah diterangkan secara mendetail
fakta-fakta ilmiah yang terdapat dalam al-Qur’an.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rotasi Bumi</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan kamu Lihat gunung-gunung itu, kamu sangka Dia tetap di
tempatnya, Padahal ia berjalan sebagai jalannya awan. (Begitulah) perbuatan
Allah yang membuat dengan kokoh tiap-tiap sesuatu; Sesungguhnya Allah Maha
mengetahui apa yang kamu kerjakan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak
semula manusia beranggapan bahwa bumi tempat mereka berpijak adalah pusat alam
semesta dan tidak bergerak. Gugusan bintang-bintang di langitlah yang bergerak
mengelilingi bumi. Teori ini dikenal dengan nama heliosentris yang bertahan
lebih kurang 1.300 tahun lamanya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Baru akhirnya sekita abad ke 17, Keppler, seorang ilmuwan menemukan bukti
ilmiah bahwa segala sesuatu yang ada di mayapada, seperti bintang dan planet-planet,
berotasi dan berevolusi di lintasannya sendiri.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sidik jari dan kepribadian manusia</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aku
bersumpah demi hari kiamat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aku aku bersumpah dengan jiwa yang Amat menyesali (dirinya
sendiri). Apakah manusia mengira, bahwa Kami tidak akan mengumpulkan (kembali)
tulang belulangnya?. Bukan demikian, sebenarnya Kami Kuasa menyusun (kembali)
jari jemarinya dengan sempurna.(al-Qiyamah:1-4)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi berhasil mengungkap rahasia
di balik sidik jari pada abad ke-19. Terungkap bahwa garis-garis halus yang ada
di ujung jari (banan) seseorang berbeda dengan yang dimilki oleh orang lain. Di
sana ada tiga jenis garis , garis melengkung, garis melingkar dan garis
meliuk-liuk atau garis kompleks karena tersusun dari beragam bentuk garis.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saudara sepersusuan haram dinikahi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberitaan ghaib al-qur’an</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berita tenggelam dan selamatanya badan Fir’aun</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan
Kami memungkinkan Bani Israil melintasi laut, lalu mereka diikuti oleh Fir'aun
dan bala tentaranya, karena hendak Menganiaya dan menindas (mereka); hingga
bila Fir'aun itu telah hampir tenggelam berkatalah dia: "Saya percaya
bahwa tidak ada Tuhan melainkan Tuhan yang dipercayai oleh Bani Israil, dan
saya Termasuk orang-orang yang berserah diri (kepada Allah)". Apakah
sekarang (baru kamu percaya), Padahal Sesungguhnya kamu telah durhaka sejak
dahulu, dan kamu Termasuk orang-orang yang berbuat kerusakan. Maka pada hari ini
Kami selamatkan badanmu supaya kamu dapat menjadi pelajaran bagi orang-orang
yang datang sesudahmu dan Sesungguhnya kebanyakan dari manusia lengah dari
tanda-tanda kekuasaan kami</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang perlu digaisbawahi dalam konteks pembicaraan ini adalah “<i>Maka
pada hari ini Kami selamatkan badanmu supaya kamu dapat menjadi pelajaran bagi
orang-orang yang datang sesudahmu”. </i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memang orang mengetahui bahwa Fir’aun tenggelam dilaut merahketika
mengejar nabi Musa, tetapi menyangkut keselamatan badannya dan menjadi
pelajaran bagi generasisesudahnya merupakan satu hal yang tidak diketahui siapa
pun pada masa nabi Muhammad saw, bahkan tidak disinggung oleh Kitab Perjanjian
Lama atau Perjanjian baru.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemenangan Romawai setelah kekalahannya</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alif
laam Miim (1). telah dikalahkan bangsa Rumawi (2). Di negeri yang
terdekat[1162] dan mereka sesudah dikalahkan itu akan menang (3). Dalam
beberapa tahun lagi[1164]. bagi Allah-lah urusan sebelum dan sesudah (mereka
menang). dan di hari (kemenangan bangsa Rumawi) itu bergembiralah orang-orang
yang beriman, (4) Karena pertolongan Allah. Dia menolong siapa yang dikehendakiNya.
dan Dialah Maha Perkasa lagi Penyayang (5)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ada abad kelima dan keenam masehi terdapat dua kerajaan adikuasa,
Romawi yang beragama Kristen dan Persia yang beragama menyembah api. Persaingan
antara keduanya dalam perebutan kekuasan dan pengaruh amat keras. Bahkan
peperangan sering tak terhindarkan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 614 M terjadi peperangan antara kedua kerajaan tersebut
dengan kekalahan Romawi. Ketika itu kaum muslimin di ejek kaum musyrik Mekkah
karena mengharapakan kemenangan Romawi. Kemudia Allah menghibur mereka dan
turunlah syat tersebut. dan sejarah menginformasikan bahwa setelah tujuh tahun
kekalahannya, tepatnya pada tahun 622 M, terjadi lagi peperangan keduanya dan
kemudian dimenangkan oleh Romawi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I’jaz ‘Adadi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
I’jaz ‘Adadi dalam al-Qur’an telah terbukti dan telah diketahui secara luas
oleh umat islam khususnya dan oleh dunia ilmu pengetahuan pada umumnya. Dr.
Rasyifa menemukan angka kunci 19 dalam sistem hitung Al-Qur’an. Penemuan ini
diawali dengan perhitungan huruf-huruf penyusun lafadz basmalah. Sementara
Rosman Lubis menemukan angka kunci yang lain sebagi pasangan dari 19 yaitu
angka 11.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sedangkan Abu Zahra menemukan kesesuain antar makan yang terkandung dalam suatu
kata dengan banyak pengulangan kata tersebut dalam Al-Qur’an. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
kata-kata yang jumlah kata tersebut dalam Al-Qur’an sama dengan makna yang
terkandung dalam kata tersebut<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.
contoh kata <i>sa’ah </i>dusebutkan sebanyak 24 kali karena jumlah jam dalam
sehari adalah 24 jam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kata <i>samawi </i>yang
berarti langit yang berkaitan dengan kata <i>sab’u</i>, diulang sebanyak tujuh
kali. Kata <i>sujud </i>dalam al-qur’an diulang sebanyak 34 kali. Ini sesuai
dengan jumlah sujud dalam sehari, karena setiap hari melakukan 17 rakaat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari pembahasan tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an, selain sebagai kitab suci juga merupakan Mukjizat Nabi
Muhammad saw yang terbesar sebagi bukti kerisalahannya hingga akhir zaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dan Fungsi I’jaz al-Qur’an adalah sebagai jawaban dan
tantangan bagi orang yang meragukan Kerasulan Nabi Muhammad saw dan bagi orang
yang beriman, al-Qur’an sebagi penguat keimanan dan keyakinan mereka kepada
Allah swt</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada empat tahapan dan kadar tantangan kemukjizatan al-qur’an
terhadap orang yang meragukan kebenaran al-qur’an yang dipertegas dengan
tantangn kepada seluruh umat manusia di seluruh alam hingga akhir zaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak aspek I’jaz al-Qur’an antar lain I’jaz balaghi, I’jaz
mengenai berita gaib, I’jaz tasyri’i (perundang-undangan) dan I’jaz ilmi dengan
berbagai macamnya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demikianlah makalah ini saya persembahkan. Tentunya masih banyak
kekurangan dan kesalahan dalam penyususnan makalah ini mengingat keterbatasan
penulis sebagai manusia biasa yang tidak biasa terlepas dari skhilaf dan salah.
Kritik dan saran dari pembaca yang konstruktif sangat penulis harapkan sebagai
bahan evaluasi agar selanjutnya dapat menjadi lebih baik lagi.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">An-Najdi, Abu
Zahra An- Najdi, <i>Al quran dan Rahasia Angka-Angka</i>, Bandung, Pustaka
Hidayah,1996.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lubis, Rosman, <i>Keajaiban
Angka 11 dalam Al-Qur’an</i>, Jakarta, Pustaka Al-kautsar, 2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Majid, Abdul. <i>Mukjizat
Ilmiah dalam Al-Qur’an dan As-Sunnah dalam Mukjizat Ilmiah dalam Al-Qur’an dan
As-Sunnah dalam IPTEK</i>, Jakarta, Gema Insani Press, 1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Shihab, M. Qurais
Shihab. <i>Mukjizat Al-Qur’an di tinjau dari Aspek kebahasaan, Isyarat Ilmiah
dan Pemberitaan Gaib</i>, Bandung, Mizan, 2014</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thayyarah,
Nadiah. <i>Buku Pintar Sains dalam Al-Qur’an,Mengerti Mukjizat Ilmiah Firman
Allah</i>, terj. M. Zainal Arifin dkk, Jakarta, Zaman, 2014</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Zahra An- Najdi, <i>Al quran dan Rahasia Angka-Angka</i>, Bandung, Pustaka
Hidayah,1996. hlm 17</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. Qurais
Shihab. <i>Mukjizat Al-Qur’an di tinjau dari Aspek kebahasaan, Isyarat Ilmiah
dan Pemberitaan Gaib</i>, Bandung, Mizan, 2014, hlm. 25</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. Qurais
Shihab. <i>Mukjizat Al-Qur’an di tinjau dari Aspek kebahasaan, Isyarat Ilmiah
dan Pemberitaan Gaib, h</i>lm. 45</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. Qurais
Shihab. <i>Mukjizat Al-Qur’an di tinjau dari Aspek kebahasaan, Isyarat Ilmiah
dan Pemberitaan Gai, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 35.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Abdul Majid. <i>Mukjizat Ilmiah dalam Al-Qur’an dan As-Sunnah dalam Mukjizat
Ilmiah dalam Al-Qur’an dan As-Sunnah dalam IPTEK</i>, Jakarta, Gema Insani
press, 1997, hlm 19</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Zahra An- Najdi, <i>Al quran dan Rahasia Angka-Angka</i>, hlm 23</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Zahra An- Najdi, <i>Al quran dan Rahasia Angka-Angka</i>, hlm 29</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M. Qurais Shihab. <i>Mukjizat Al-Qur’an di tinjau dari Aspek
kebahasaan, Isyarat Ilmiah dan Pemberitaan Gai, </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hlm. 123-126</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Nadiah Thayyarah. <i>Buku Pintar Sains dalam Al-Qur’an,Mengerti Mukjizat Ilmiah
Firman Allah</i>, terj. M. Zainal Arifin dkk, Jakarta, Zaman, 2014, hlm 449</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
Rosman Lubis, <i>Keajaiban Angka 11 dalam Al-Qur’an</i>, Jakarta, Pustaka
Al-kautsar, 2001, hlm 1-2.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abu
Zahra An- Najdi, <i>Al quran dan Rahasia Angka-Angka</i>, hlm. 72</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-84879471518699290772016-01-26T16:21:00.000-08:002016-01-26T16:21:04.037-08:00Beasiswa LPDP Tahun 2016<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeB23EceRV5jIe49zCosTQbU0mYOZ2JmqhYNF7j-SfMcuBRG1RSUuE4C-k3jrEiYGLtC_Ort2ig9v20TIUxcdxiSuDXL8q6LGNNORvLXFEL3cwXkWPNCH7pC6GV9cJPeD2RjVPFt1K8Bl/s1600/beasiswa.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikeB23EceRV5jIe49zCosTQbU0mYOZ2JmqhYNF7j-SfMcuBRG1RSUuE4C-k3jrEiYGLtC_Ort2ig9v20TIUxcdxiSuDXL8q6LGNNORvLXFEL3cwXkWPNCH7pC6GV9cJPeD2RjVPFt1K8Bl/s200/beasiswa.gif" width="200" /></a></div>
Program beasiswa merupkan bantuan pendidikan yang ditunggu-tunggu oleh banyak kalangan yang ingin melanjtukan pendidikan/studinya, baik itu untutuk strata 1, magister atau doktoral. Angin segar tentang adanya bantuan beasiswa telah berhembus, pasalnya LPDP telah mengumumkan akan memberikan beasiswa untuk apara masayarakat Indonesia yang ingin melanjutkan studinya.<br />
<a name='more'></a>Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP) tahun ini kembali memberikan beasiswa. Sampai saat ini, sudah ada 53 angkatan yang tercatat sebagai penerima beasiswa tersebut.<br />Ketua Persiapan Keberangkatan LPDP (person in charge), Mohammad Kamiluddin, mengatakan, pada 2016 ini akan ada 40 angkatan penerima beasiswa dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia.<br />Para calon penerima beasiswa itu harus mengikuti serangkaian program sebelum dilepas untuk melanjutkan studinya. Salah satunya adalah Program Kepemimpinan.<br />
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/jangan-lewatkan-pendaftaran-beasiswa.html" target="_blank">Beasiswa Ke Jepang Untuk Para Guru</a>)<br />Program Kepemimpinan adalah program pembekalan yang diselenggarakan oleh LPDP bagi para calon penerima Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia (BPI) yang dilaksanakan selama enam hari.<br />"Para penerima beasiswa akan ditanamkan nilai-nilai kenegaraan dengan berdiskusi, membuat karya ilmiah, dan outbond," tutur Kamil dalam acara Gempita Bianglala Khatulistiwa di Museum Mandiri, Kota Tua, Jakarta Barat, Sabtu (23/1/2016).<br />
<br />Menurut Kamil, dari hasil karantina tersebut, diharapkan, karakter kepemimpinan para calon penerima beasiswa akan terbentuk sehingga mempunyai integritas tinggi dan mampu menjadi pemimpin pada kemudian hari.<br />
<br />"Peserta beasiswa datang dari berbagai daerah. Untuk itu, kami ingin menyatukan visi dan misi mereka lewat program ini," kata Kamil.<br />
<br />Tak hanya jiwa kepemimpinan, LPDP juga mengharapkan, para penerima beasiswa bisa memberikan kontribusi bagi masyarakat dan negara. Maka dari itu, setiap peserta diwajibkan kembali ke Tanah Air setelah selesai menempuh studinya.<br />
<br />"Pada tahun 2015 ditutup sampai angkatan ke-50. Sekarang pada 2016 akan dimulai dari angkatan ke-51," kata Kamil.<br />Tahapan pendaftaran<br /><br />LPDP mencatat, ada kenaikan pendaftar setiap tahunnya. Ini terlihat sejak 2013 lalu, yaitu mencapai 2.500 peserta. Pada 2015, jumlah pendaftar mencapai 3.100 peserta. Kamil menargetkan, jumlah pendaftar pada tahun ini bisa mencapai 5.000 peserta. <br /><br />Rencananya, tahun ini, beasiswa LPDP akan dibuka dalam empat gelombang, yakni pada Februari, Mei, Agustus, dan November. Kamil menjelaskan, ribuan peserta akan diseleksi melalui tahap-tahap yang dicanangkan oleh LPDP. <br /><br />Calon peserta bisa mendaftar secara online dihttp://www.lpdp.kemenkeu.go.id/ dan melengkapi persyaratannya. Jika lolos pada tahap itu, peserta akan melalui seleksi administrasi dan wawancara. Seleksi ini mewajibkan para pendaftar membawa dokumen-dokumen, antara lain ijazah sarjana, transkip nilai, lampiran TOEFL, dan surat keterangan sehat. <br /><br />Tak hanya itu. Pendaftar juga wajib memiliki indeks prestasi kumulatif (IPK) minimum 3,00 dan lancar berbahasa Inggris berdasarkan uji ETS atau IELTS. Selanjutnya, peserta akan mengikuti program kepemimpinan.<br />
<br />"Inilah yang harus dilewati para calon peserta penerima beasiswa. Baca semua persyaratan mengenai LPDP dan lengkapi persyaratan tersebut. Itu kuncinya," tutur Kamil.<br />
<br />Sumber:kompas.com<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-33847431466040342832016-01-25T12:36:00.001-08:002016-01-25T12:55:07.202-08:00Wajib Baca!!!, Panduan Terbaru Guru Untuk Menangkal Terorisme<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__vPhai6g50NphTDvzhRKmLPGCXetdZxWZVlteteIGuKEku1219jzG5mcfTG7yQ68rdu2Rgr2KTJ3V6zXAHX21FEaCa0GiDpEyAynwnAWDAbdnhska3t8xIsJT6eYw1QhyphenhyphenhKES1dsqs2d/s1600/anis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__vPhai6g50NphTDvzhRKmLPGCXetdZxWZVlteteIGuKEku1219jzG5mcfTG7yQ68rdu2Rgr2KTJ3V6zXAHX21FEaCa0GiDpEyAynwnAWDAbdnhska3t8xIsJT6eYw1QhyphenhyphenhKES1dsqs2d/s320/anis.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Terorisme di Indonesia seakan menjadi masalah yang tidak
pernah pupus. Seiring banyaknya para teroris yang ditangkap, namun juga masih banyak
generasi-generasi teroris yang malang melintang memberikan teror kepada
masyarakat Indonesia seperti beberapa hari lalu. Dengan kejadian kemarin,
banyak masyarakat mengecam tindakan teror tersebut dan menyatakan tidak takut
dengan terorisme. Tidak ketinggalan juga </div>
<a name='more'></a>Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
(Kemendikbud) mengeluarkan panduan untuk para guru dalam menangani masalah
terorisme.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kemendikbud segera menerbitkan panduan bagi para guru dan
orangtua dalam membicarakan kejahatan terorisme dengan siswa dan anak-anak,
terkait dengan peristiwa teror yang terjadi di Jakarta, Kamis (14/01).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-karakter-sebagai-landasan.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Karakter sebagai Landasan Gerak Revolusi Mental</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Dalam situasi seperti ini, orang tua dan guru perlu
membantu anak-anak kita mencerna dan menanggapi peristiwa teror ini,” kata
Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Mendikbud) Anies Baswedan di Jakarta, Kamis
(14/01). Mendikbud meminta semua pihak membantu menyebarluaskan panduan singkat
bagi para guru dan orangtua dalam membicarakan kejahatan terorisme dengan siswa
dan anak-anak mereka.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Panduan singkat itu terdiri dari dua bentuk. Pertama panduan
untuk guru dalam berbicara dengan siswa tentang kejahatan terorisme. Kedua,
panduan bagi orangtua untuk bicara terorisme dengan anaknya.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dalam panduan itu para guru diharapkan melakukan hal-hal
sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sediakan waktu bicara pada
siswa tentang kejahatan terorisme. Siswa sering menjadikan guru tempat mencari
informasi dan pemahaman tentang apa yang sedang terjadi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bahas secara singkat apa
yang terjadi, meliputi fakta-fakta yang sudah terkonfirmasi. Jangan membuka
ruang terhadap rumor, isu dan spekulasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Beri kesempatan siswa untuk
mengungkapkan perasaannya tentang tragedi/kejahatan yang terjadi. Nyatakan
dengan jelas rasa duka kita terhadap para korban dan keluarganya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Arahkan rasa kemarahan pada
sasaran yang tepat, yaitu pada pelaku kejahatan, bukan pada identitas golongan
tertentu yang didasarkan pada prasangka.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Kembali pada rutinitas
normal. Terorisme akan sukses apabila<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mereka berhasil mempengaruhi kehidupan sehari-hari dan kehidupan
kebangsaan kita.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Ajak siswa berpikir
positif. Ingatkan bahwa negara kita telah melewati banyak tragedi dan masalah
dengan tegar, gotong-royong, semangat persatuan dan saling menjaga.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Ajak siswa berdiskusi dan
mengapresiasi kerja para polisi, TNI dan petugas kesehatan yang melindungi,
melayani dan membantu kita di masa tragedi. Diskusikan lebih banyak tentang
sisi kesigapan dan keberanian mereka daripada sisi kejahatan pelaku teror.<br />
(Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pengajaran-dan-kebangsaan-menurut.html" target="_blank">Pengajaran dan Kebangsaan Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara</a>) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan bagi
orangtua diharapkan dapat melakukan serangkaian hal berikut ini kepada
anak-anak:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Cari tahu apa yang mereka
pahami. Bahas secara singkat apa yang terjadi, meliputi fakta-fakta yang sudah
terkonfirmasi, ajak anak untuk menghindari isu dan spekulasi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Hindari paparan terhadap
televisi dan media sosial yang sering menampilkan gambar dan adegan mengerikan
bagi kebanyakan anak, terutama anak di bawah usia 12 tahun.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Identifikasi rasa takut
anak yang mungkin berlebihan. Pahami bahwa tiap anak memiliki karakter unik.
Jelaskan bahwa kejahatan terorisme sangat jarang, namun kewaspadaan bersama
tetap perlu. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bantu anak mengungkapkan
perasaannya terhadap tragedi yang terjadi. Bila ada rasa marah, arahkan pada
sasaran yang tepat, yaitu pelaku kejahatan. Hindari prasangka pada identitas
golongan tertentu yang didasarkan pada prasangka.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Jalani kegiatan keluarga
bersama secara normal untuk memberikan rasa aman dan nyaman, serta tidak tunduk
pada tujuan teroris mengganggu kehidupan kita. Kebersamaan dan komunikasi rutin
sangat penting untuk mendukung anak.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Ajak anak berdiskusi dan
mengapresiasi kerja para polisi, TNI dan petugas kesehatan yang melindungi,
melayani dan membantu kita di masa tragedi. Diskusikan lebih banyak tentang
sisi kesigapan dan keberanian mereka daripada sisi kejahatan pelaku teror.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Panduan ini diharapkan bisa
menjadi contoh bagi orangtua dan guru dalam mendampingi anak-anak bila terjadi
peristiwa lain, yang dapat berdampak pada anak-anak, tidak hanya soal kejahatan
terorisme.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber: kemdikbud.go.id</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-11336435481574387462016-01-25T02:56:00.000-08:002016-01-25T12:10:18.435-08:00Pengajaran dan Kebangsaan Menurut Kihajar Dewantara<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizeaDQIPGPARKKOX8ClwkMssPJgDAl07o7KXxPWlRMAQreIqq_wpMtJi67ChQ6puYQCSfeMqUvuJRDk6GTpY0B2cfQrZPeKoG4v8oB6JJQ_5osLarjh0hVB2YPxUtc2KCeiZupobLHdOeW/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizeaDQIPGPARKKOX8ClwkMssPJgDAl07o7KXxPWlRMAQreIqq_wpMtJi67ChQ6puYQCSfeMqUvuJRDk6GTpY0B2cfQrZPeKoG4v8oB6JJQ_5osLarjh0hVB2YPxUtc2KCeiZupobLHdOeW/s320/maxresdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran
dan Kebangsaan merupakan dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan, ibarat mata uang
yang kedua sisinya tidak dapat dipisahkan, di bawah ini ada beberapa poin
penting terkait pengajaran dan kebangsaan menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara untuk para
generasi bangsa, antara lain:</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran
Nasional itulah pengajaran yang selaras dengan penghidupan bangsa dan kehidupan
bangsa. Kalau pengajaran bagi anak-anak tidak berdasarkan kenasionalan, maka
anak-anak tiak akan mengetahhui keperluan kita lahir maupun batin, dan anak itu
tidak akan mempunyai rasa cinta tanah air dan makin lama makin iauh dari
bangsanya, hingga kemudian bisa saja menjadi lawan kita. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/gawat-pendidikan-indonesia-jauh.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Indonesia Jauh Tertinggal dari Negara Tetangga</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajaran
nasional itulah hak dan kewajiban kita (bangsa Indonesia). Sesungguhnya kita
sendirilah yang dapat merasakan dan memikirkan akan kepentingan pengajaran
nasional, sebelum kita mempunyai Pemerintah Nasional sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
mendapat kemerdekaan yang luas dalam melaksanakan pengajaran nasional,
seharusnyalah kita tidak menerima subsidi dari pemerintah, dari orang lain
maupun dari badan lain yang dapat mengurangi keluasan kemerdekaan itu sendiri. Kalaupun
misalnya menerima subsidi, sekalipun dengan diberi kemerdekaan dalam berbagai
hal yang termuat dalam perjanjian subsidi, setidak-tidaknya kita akan berhutang
budi kepada orang yang memberi subsidi dan itu akan memberatkan serta
membahayakan. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-dan-pengajaran-nasional.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya
menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara, boleh menerima bantuan uang dari siapapun juga asalkan
tidak terikat baik lahir maupun batin. Namun pada umumnya jaranag sekali orang
yang dapat melawan pengaruh orang yang bersikap baik padanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengekalkan kemerdekaan kita dalam pengajaran nasional dengan tanpa subsidi,
haruslah kita menjalankan sistem membiayai diri sendiri. Boleh menerima bantuan
oleh penderma atau badan bantuan, namun anggota-anggotanya sebagai penderma
tidak boleh berpengaruh dalam urusn pengajaran yang dibantunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun
tisp-tiap sekolah nasional boleh mengadakan dana bantuan sendiri-sendiri, akan
tetapi haruslah ada dana bantuan yang umum. Hal ini mengingat seringkali
sekolah-sekolah di tempat terpencil hanya sedikit pendapatannya atau tidak
mendirikan dana bantuan, dalam hal itu patut disokong, misalnya dengan uang
yang dikumpulkan secara sukarela oleh anggota-anggota sekolah itu sendiri . (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-karakter-sebagai-manifestasi.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Karakter sebagai Manifestasi Peradaban Bangsa</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderma
atau badan bantuan umum itu tadi harus juga sebagai badan pemberi beasiswa,
teristimewa kepada murid-murid yang pantas ditolong guna meneruskan
pengajarannya.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-33304179046202821452016-01-23T17:20:00.002-08:002016-01-24T15:13:09.497-08:00Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Nasional Menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2eHMyoS5IcEvdEtRP6z-j7bbBPiQ88HipaUbPIavWsN43QYrSw4k6BgUZYfwiKvE-I1O0MSamcRzR0mqYMrjidZmiTM4D4CEwQi03ZQv3YkMkaI21Y6nE6i-96Uff6qdbFU8EFlRvoji1/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2eHMyoS5IcEvdEtRP6z-j7bbBPiQ88HipaUbPIavWsN43QYrSw4k6BgUZYfwiKvE-I1O0MSamcRzR0mqYMrjidZmiTM4D4CEwQi03ZQv3YkMkaI21Y6nE6i-96Uff6qdbFU8EFlRvoji1/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pendidkan merupakan pondasi pembangunan Sumber Daya
Manusia untuk bangsa, untuk itu pendidikan menjadi prioritas dalam pembangunan.
Pemdidikan secara nasional juga diharapkan mampu memberikan bekal bagi generasi
bangsa untuk meneruskan estafet cita-cita bangsa dan kepemimpinan. Di bawah ini
pendidikan dan pengajaran nasional menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara yang dikutip dari
buknya bagian pertama tentang pendidikan. Ada 9 poin pendidikan dan pengajaran
nasional menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara, yakni:</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">kekuatan rakyat
itulah jumlah kekuatan tiap-tiap anggota dari rakyat. Segala upaya untuk
mengangkat derajat bangsa tidak akan berhasil kalau tidak dimulai dari bawah.
Sebaliknya rakyat yang sudah kuat akan pandai melakukan segala usaha yang perlu
atau berguna untuk kemkmurn negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mendidik anak
itulah mendidik rakyat. Keadaan dalam hidup dan penghidupan kita pada zaman
sekarang itulah buahnya pendidikan yang kita terima dari orang tua pada waktu
kita masih anak-anak. Sebaliknya anak-anak yang pada waktu ini kita didik,
kelak akan menjadi warga negara kita. (baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/membenahi-ketimpangan-pendidikan.html" target="_blank">Membenahi Ketimpangan Pendidikan</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Untuk
mendapatkan sistem pengajaran yang akan bermanfaat bagi kehidupan bersama,
haruslah sistem itu disesuaikan dengan hidup dan penghidupan rakyat. Oleh karena
itu wajiblah kita mendidik segala kekurangan dan kekecewaan dalam hidup kita
berhubung dengan sifatnya masyarakat seperti kita kehendaki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Oleh karena
tiap-tiap negara itu terjadi dari beberapa golongan yang masing-masing
mempunyai sifat dan kepercayaan sendiri-sendiri, haruslah kita memahamkan
perbedaan-perbedaan golongan itu agar terwujudlah azas persatuan yang selaras
(harmonis) dan menurut keadaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pengaruh
pengajaran itu umumnya memerdekakan manusia atas hidupnya lahir, sedangkan
merdekanya hidup batin itu terdapat dari pendidikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Manusia merdeka
yaitu manusia yang hidupnya lahir atau batin tidak tergantung kepada orang
lain, akan tetapi bersandar atas kekuatan sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Maksud
pengajaran dan pendidikan yang berguna untuk perikehidupan bersama ialah memerdekakan
manusia sebagai anggota dari persatuan (rakyat).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dalam pendidikan
harus senantiasa diingat, bahwa kemerdekaan itu bersifat tiga macam: berdiri
sendiri, tidak bergantung kepada orang lain, dan dapat mengatur dirinya
sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Untuk mencapai
kesatuan dalam aksi pengajaran yang berguna bagi ketertiban hidup rakyat,
haruslah ada “persatuan” yang mengandung arti: persatuan dalam hal keperluan
yang penting-penting dan diakui oleh semua golongan. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/pendidikan-karakter-sebagai-landasan.html" target="_blank">Pendidikan Karakter Sebagai Landasan Gerak Revolusi Mental</a>)</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16206348173839593221noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6266022577690181283.post-41639604621493405232016-01-21T15:41:00.001-08:002016-01-21T15:41:22.991-08:00Makalah Peradaban Islam di Asia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam adalah
agama yang pada saat ini sudah menyebar ke seluruh Benua dan Negara yang ada
dipermukaan bumi ini. Karena memang didalam ajaran Islam itu sendiri memberikan
kebebasan kepada orang yang memeluk agama Islam untuk menyebarkannya kepada
umat-umat yang lainnya yang belum kenal Islam, di dalam Islam pun ajaranya
mudah dimengerti sesuai rasional dan juga banyak bukti-bukti alam bahwa agama
Islam adalah agama yang benar.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a> Maka orang Islam yang berakhlak baik memudahkan
dalam penyebaranya agar penduduk sekitar yang non Islam mau menerima,
mengikuti, dan masuk agama Islam.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu fakta
tentang orang yang paling berpengaruh diseluruh dunia adalah Nabi kita
Rasulullah Muhammad Shallallahu‘alaihiwasallam. Beliau menyebarkan Islam di Mekkah
yang saat itu penduduknya jahiliyah dan kemudian berubah menjadi masyarakat
yang berakhlak baik dengan memeluk Agama Islam yang dibawa oleh beliau. Dari
sinilah sejarah penyebaran Islam semakin luas ke seluruh dunia hingga sampai ke
Benua Asia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagaimana Islam telah
menyebar dari Timur Tengah menuju Asia Tengah dan dari Afghanistan menuju
India, maka Islam menyebar dari berbagai wilayah di India dan Arabia ke
semenanjung Malaya dan kepulauan Indonesia. Islam dikenalkan ke wilayah Asia
Tenggara dan berkembang dalam bentuk berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan bentuknya
yang berkembang di Timur Tengah dan anak benua India. Sementara pada beberapa
daerah Islam disebarkan melalui penakhlukan Arab dan Turki, tetapi di Asia
Tenggara Islam disebarluaskan melalui kegiatan kaum pedagang dan Sufi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengenai
kedatangan Islam di negara-negara yang ada di Asia Tenggara hampir semuanya
didahului oleh interaksi antara masyarakat di wilayah kepulauan dengan para
pedagang Arab, India, Bengal, Cina, Gujarat, Iran, Yaman dan Arabia Selatan.
Pada abad ke-5 sebelum Masehi Kepulauan Melayu telah menjadi tempat
persinggahan para pedagang yang berlayar ke Cina dan mereka telah menjalin
hubungan dengan masyarakat sekitar Pesisir. Kondisi semacam inilah yang
dimanfaatkan para pedagang Muslim yang singgah untuk menyebarkan Islam pada
warga sekitar pesisir.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian seiring
berjalanya waktu dari penyebaran Islam di Mekkah sampai ke penjuru dunia, maka
para pakar sejarah melakukan penelitian dan menceritakan dalam buku seperti apa
perjalanan penyebaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Islam itu hingga
bisa mencapai ke setiap Negara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sebenarnya para ahli sejarah yang telah menggungkapkan seperti apa
perjalanan penyebaran Islam ada yang berbeda-beda pendapat, dari masalah
penepatan tahun persisnya waktu kejadian tersebut, tapi pada dasarnya semua
saling melengkapi. Karena seiring dengan berkembangya teknologi di zaman
sekarang, buku-buku tentang sejarah direvisi dari kekurangan-kekurangannya,
sehingga menjadi semakin lengkap dan mudah untuk dipelajari. (Baca juga: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/makalah-dinasti-bani-umayyah.html" target="_blank">Dinasti Bani Umayyah</a>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batasan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan latar
belakang, penulis menetapkan batasan masalah dalam makalah ini dengan
pertimbangan luasnya keseluruhan Benua Asia maka agar lebih terfokus dan mudah
dipahami maka penulis membatasi masalah pada Benua Asia Tenggara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
latar belakang dan batasan masalah yang telah dipaparkan diatas, maka penulis
mengemukakan rumusan masalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana letak Geografis Benua Asia ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana sejarah masuknya Islam di Asia
?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana Teori masuknya Islam di Asia ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah pengaruh peradaban Islam di Asia ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan
rumusan masalah diatas,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka tujuan
pembahasan dan penulisan makalah ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui letak geografis Benua
Asia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui Bagaimana sebenarnya
sejarah masuknya Islam di Asia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengetahui apa saja teori masuknya
Islam di Asia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menjelaskan Apa sajakah pengaruh
peradaban Islam di Asia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letak Geografis Benua Asia</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benua Asia
merupakan Benua besar dan padat penduduk terletak dibagian timur dan belahan
utara. Kemudian secara apabila dilihat dari Benua </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Asia Tenggara dipilah dalam dua kelompok</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Asia Tenggara Daratan yaitu: Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dan Asia Tenggara
Maritim yaitu: Brunei Darussalam, Filipina, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura,
Timor Leste.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Secara geografis, Asia tenggara terletak pada area yang sangat strategis untuk
masuknya peradaban baru, hal ini dikarenakan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Letak Asia Tenggara
di tengah perjalanan Timur Barat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dihubungkan dengan Selat Malaka dan Laut Cina Selatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Adanya beberapa bandar seperti: Sriwijaya, Perlak, Pasai,
Malaka, Batam, Cirebon, Makasar, Brunei, dan Pattani.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Ada hubungan dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lautan Hindi dan Laut China Selatan Angin muson Barat Daya dan Timur
Laut, sehingga mempertemukan para pedagang.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">B. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah Masuknya Islam
di Asia</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak abad
pertama, kawasan laut Asia Tenggara, khususnya Selat Malaka sudah mempunyai
kedudukan yang sangat penting dalam kegiatan pelayaran dan perdagangan
internasional yang dapat menghubungkan negeri-negeri di Asia Timur Jauh, Asia
Tenggara dan Asia Barat. Perkembangan pelayaran dan perdagangan internasional
yang terbentang jauh dari Teluk Persia sampai China melalui Selat Malaka itu
kelihatan sejalan pula dengan muncul dan berkembangnya kekuasaan besar, yaitu
China dibawah Dinasti Tang (618-907), kerajaan Sriwijaya (abad ke-7-14), dan
Dinasti Umayyah (660-749). (Baca juga makalah terkait: <a href="http://berandapendidikan1.blogspot.co.id/2016/01/makalah-dinasti-mamalik-dan-fatimiyyah.html" target="_blank">Dinasti Mmamalik dan Fatimiyyah</a>)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masuknya Islam
ke berbagai wilayah di Asia termasuk di Asia tenggara tidak berada dalam satu
waktu yang bersamaan tetapi berada dalam satu kesatuan proses sejarah yang
panjang. Kerajaan-kerajaan dan wilayah itupun berada dalam situasi politik dan
kondisi sosial budaya yang berbeda-beda. Ketika sriwijaya mengembangkan
kekuasaannya sekitar abad VII dan VIII, jalur selat malaka sudah ramai oleh
para pedagang Muslim. Data ini diperkuat dengan berita Cina jaman dinasti T’ang
yang dapat memberikan gambaran bahwa ketika itu telah ada masyarakat Muslim di
kanfu (kanton) dan daerah Sumatera. Diperkirakan terjalinnya perdagangan yang
bersifat Internasional ketika itu juga sebagai akibat kegiatan kerajaan Cina
jaman dinasti T’ang di Asia timur dengan kerajaan Islam dibawah Bani Umayyah di
bagian Barat, dan tentunya kerajaan Sriwijaya sendiri di wilayah Asia Tenggara.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberadaan
pedagang-pedagang di Asia Tenggara ketika itu mungkin belum memberikan pengaruh
pada kerajaan-kerajaan yang ada. Setelah pecahnya pemberontakan petani Cina
Selatan terhadap kaisar Hi-Tsung (878-889 M) yang menyebabkan banyak orang
Islam di bunuh maka mulailah mereka mencari perlindungan ke Kedah. Hal ini
berarti orang Islam telah mulai melakukan politik yang tentunya banyak membawa
akibat pada kerajaan di Asia Tenggara dan Cina. Syed Naguib al-attas mengatakan
bahwa sejak abad VII orang Islam telah mendirikan perkampungan di kanton dengan
derajat keagamaan yang tinggi dan menyelenggarakan pemerintahan perkampungan
sendiri di Kedah dan Palembang.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut
catatan sejarah, bangsa yang pertama kali diketahui hidup di Asia Tenggara
adalah orang Dongson di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.anneahira.com/sejarah-vietnam.htm" title="sejarah vietnam"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vietnam</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Mereka sudah tinggal di negeri itu sejak 5000 tahun
sebelum Masehi. Disusul kemudian oleh bangsa Thai di Thailand pada 3000 tahun
sebelum Masehi. Sedangkan, bangsa Melayu tercatat mulai mengembangkan
kehidupannya di Asia Tenggara pada 2500 tahun sebelum Masehi. Selanjutnya,
datanglah kaum pendatang dari China, khususnya bangsa Yunani dan lembah
Yangtse, di wilayah China Selatan, kemudian bangsa India, Arab, dan Eropa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mulai
abad ke-7 dan ke-8 (abad ke-1 dan ke-2 H), orang Muslim Persia dan Arab sudah
turut serta dalam kegiatan pelayaran dan perdagangan sampai ke negeri China.
Pada masa pemerintahan Tai Tsung (627-650) kaisar ke-2 dari Dinasti Tang, telah
datang empat orang Muslim dari jazirah Arabia. Yang pertama, bertempat di
Canton (Guangzhou), yang kedua menetap dikota Chow, yang ketiga dan keempat
bermukim di Coang Chow. Orang Muslim pertama, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqqas, adalah
seorang muballigh dan sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW dalam sejarah Islam di China.
Ia bukan saja mendirikan masjid di Canto, yang disebut masjid Wa-Zhin-Zi.
Karena itu, sampai sekarang kaum Muslim China membanggakan sejarah perkembangan
Islam di negeri mereka, yang dibawa langsung oleh sahabat dekat Nabi Muhammad
SAW sendiri, sejak abad ke-7 dan sesudahnya. Makin banyak orang Muslim
berdatangan ke negeri China baik sebagai pedagang maupun mubaligh yang secara khusus
melakukan penyebaran Islam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejak
abad ke-7 dan abad selanjutnya Islam telah datang di daerah bagian Timur Asia
dan Asia Tenggara. Sebagaimana dikemukakan diatas Selat Malaka sejak abad
tersebut sudah mempunyai kedudukan penting. Karena itu, para pedagang dan
mubaligh Arab dan Persia yang sampai di China Selatan juga menempuh pelayaran
melalui Selat Malaka.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kedatangan Islam di Asia Tenggara dapat dihubungkan
dengan pemberitaan dari I-Cing, seorang musafir Budha, yang mengadakan
perjalanan dengan kapal yang di sebutnya kapal Po-Sse di Canton pada tahun 671.
Ia kemudian berlayar menuju arah selatan ke Bhoga (di sekitar daerah Palembang
di Sumatera Selatan). Selain pemberitaan tersebut, dalam Hsin-Ting-Shu dari
masa Dinasti yang terdapat laporan yang menceritakan orang Ta-Shih mempunyai
niat untuk menyerang kerajaan Ho-Ling di bawah pemerintahan Ratu Sima (674).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dari sumber tersebut, ada dua sebutan yaitu Po-Sse dan
Ta-Shih. Menurut beberapa ahli, yang dimaksud dengan Po-Sse adalah Persia dan
yang dimaksud dengan Ta-Shih adalah Arab. Jadi jelaslah bahwa orang Persia dan
Arab sudah hadir di Asia Tenggara sejak abad-7 dengan membawa ajaran Islam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebelum
kedatangan Islam agama-agama Hindu dan Budha adalah kepercayaan utama di Asia
Tenggara. Kerajaan-kerajaan di daratan (semenanjung) Asia Tenggara pada umumnya
memeluk agama </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Buddha"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddha</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,
sedangkan kerajaan-kerajaan di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kepulauan Melayu"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kepulauan
Melayu</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Nusantara)
umumnya lebih dipengaruhi agama </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hindu"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hindu</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Beberapa kerajaan yang berkembang di semenanjung ini,
awalnya bermula di daerah yang sekarang menjadi negara-negara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Myanmar"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Myanmar</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kamboja"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kamboja</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Vietnam"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vietnam</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Kerajaan-kerajaan kuno di Asia Tenggara pada umumnya
dapat dibagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu kerajaan-kerajaan agraris dan
kerajaan-kerajaan maritim. Kegiatan utama kerajaan-kerajaan agraris adalah
pertanian. Mereka kebanyakan terletak di semenanjung Asia Tenggara. Contoh
kerajaan agraris adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kerajaan Ayutthaya"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan
Ayutthaya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, yang terletak di
delta sungai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Chao Phraya (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chao Phraya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Thailand), dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kerajaan Khmer"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan
Khmer</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang berada di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Tonle Sap"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tonle
Sap</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Kerajaan-kerajaan maritim
kegiatan utamanya adalah perdagangan melalui laut. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kesultanan Malaka"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan
Malaka</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Sriwijaya"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan
Sriwijaya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adalah contoh dari
Kerajaan Maritim.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kekuasaan
dominan yang pertama kali muncul di kepulauan adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Sriwijaya"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sriwijaya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Sumatra"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sumatra</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Dari abad ke-5 Masehi, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Palembang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Palembang</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> sebagai ibukota Sriwijaya menjadi pelabuhan besar dan
berfungsi sebagai pelabuhan persinggahan (<i>entrepot</i>) pada jalur
Rempah-rempah (<i>spice route</i>). Sriwijaya juga merupakan pusat pengaruh dan
pendidikan agama Buddha yang cukup berpengaruh. Kemajuan teknologi
kelautan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat pengaruh dan kemakmuran
Sriwijaya memudar. Kemajuan tersebut membuat para pedagang Tiongkok dan India
untuk dapat secara langsung mengirimkan barang-barang diantara keduanya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pulau
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pulau Jawa"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jawa</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kerap kali didominasi oleh beberapa kerajaan agraris
yang saling bersaing satu sama lain, termasuk diantaranya kerajaan-kerajaan
wangsa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Syailendra"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Syailendra</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mataram Kuno"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mataram
Kuno</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan akhirnya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Majapahit"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Majapahit</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Para pedagang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Muslim"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Muslim</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> mulai mengunjungi Asia Tenggara pada abad ke-12 Masehi. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Samudera Pasai"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Samudera
Pasai</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adalah kerajaan
Islam yang pertama. Ketika itu, Sriwijaya telah diambang keruntuhan akibat
perselisihan internal. Kesultanan Malaka, yang didirikan oleh salah seorang
pangeran Sriwijaya, berkembang kekuasaannya dalam perlindungan Tiongkok dan
mengambil alih peranan Sriwijaya sebelumnya. Agama </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Islam"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Islam</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kemudian menyebar di sekitar kepulauan selama abad ke-13
dan abad ke-14 menggantikan agama Hindu, dimana Malaka (yang para penguasanya
telah beragama Islam) berfungsi sebagai pusat penyebarannya di wilayah ini.
Beberapa kesultanan lainnya, seperti kesultanan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Brunei"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Brunei</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kalimantan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kalimantan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan kesultanan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Kesultanan Sulu"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sulu</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Filipina"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Filipina</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> secara relatif mengalami sedikit hubungan dengan
kerajaan-kerajaan lainnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-teori Masuknya Islam di Asia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk
lebih memperjelas bagaimana proses masuknya agama Islam di Asia Tenggara ini,
ada 3 teori. Teori</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"> kedatangan
Islam dari :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span></b><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Teori Semenanjung Arab</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dikemukakan oleh John Crawford disokong Syed Muhamad Naquib l-Attas.
Buktinya:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Aktivitis
perdagangan meneruskan catatan China yang menyataka orang Arab dan Parsi
mempunyai pertempatan di Canton pada 300M.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pedagang Arab dapat menguasai laut dari pelabuhan
Iskandariah hingga China. Telah berdagang di rantau ini terutama setelah
kemunculan Islam pada abad 7 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pedagang Arab singgah di pelabuhan utama Asia Tenggara
sebelum ke China, tempat menunggu dari angin muson.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menetap beberapa bulan dan mewujudkan perkampungan dan
ada urusan jual beli barang mewah dari China dan India. Perkampungan Islam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ta Shih di Sumatera Utara pada 650 M menurut
catatan China.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Perkawinan dengan orang pesisir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Wujud persamaan tulisan kesusasteraan di Asia Tenggara
dan Arab.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pengislaman raja-raja melayu oleh syeikh dari Arab
seperti dalam Hikayat raja-raja Pasai keturunan sufi. Berjaya
mengislamkan Merah Silu ( Malik al-Salih. ) Raja Pattani Phaya Tu Nakpa
diislamkan Syeikh Said.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><sup><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Faktor-faktor yang membuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertarik dengan Islam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Tertarik dengan nilai Islam yang murni.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Amalan pendakwah Islam mengamalkan nilai Islam yang murni
seperti kejujuran pedagang Islam, menjaga kebersihan.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><sup><span lang="MS" style="mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Catatan tempatan tentang pengislaman Raja-raja Melayu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Hikayat Merong mahawangsa, Raja Kedah diislamkan oleh
Syeikh Abdullah al-Yamani</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Hikayat Aceh, Syekh Abdullah Arif berusaha mengembangkan
Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sejarah Kepulauan Sulu,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sharif Hasan dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebarkan
Islam di Sulu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Teori China</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dikemukakan oleh Emanuel Gadinho antara lain : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Khan Fo atau Canton menjadi pusat perdagangan Arab
sejak abad 9M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menyebarkan Islam dikalangan peniaga China kemudian sebar
ke Asia Tenggara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Menurut Fatimi antara lain dikarenakan: Berpindahahnya
pedagang Islam di Canton ke Asia Tenggara pada 876 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Penemuan batu nisan bertarikh 1028 M di Permatang Pasir,
Pulau Tambun, Pekan Pahang mempunyai ayat al-Quran dan kalimah Arab, bukti
Islam telah sampai sbelum abad 13M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Dibawa oleh mubaligh Cina menerusi Laut Cina Selatan ke
Phang Rang IndoCina dan Pekan Pahang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Persamaan seni bina China dan seni bina masjid di
Kelantan, Malaka dan Jawa. Di Melaka bentuk bumbung, atap genting, warna merah
dan kuning pada kayu kepala pintu, lantai, dinding, tangga, dan kolam air.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Teori India </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="MS"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
wilayah Gujarat dan Pantai Coromandel. Abad 13M Dikemukan oleh Snouck
Hurgronge:</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Hubungan Asia Tenggara dan India sudah lama, karena
pedagang Islam India sudah tersebar di Asia Tenggara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Gujarat pelabuhan penting pada zaman Alaudin Khinji di
India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Batu marmer pada batu nisan Malik al-Salih di pasai
mempunyai ciri-ciri India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Penyebaran Islam di Asia </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdagangan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada taraf
permulaan, proses masuknya Islam adalah melalui perdagangan. Kesibukan
lalu-lintas perdagangan pada abad ke-7 hingga ke-16 membuat pedagang-pedagang
Muslim (Arab, Persia dan India) turut ambil bagian dalam perdagangan dari
negeri-negeri bagian Barat, Tenggara dan Timur Benua Asia. Serta hubungan
dengan pelabuhan-pelabuhan di Selat Malaka, Teluk Siam, IndoChina, Kepulauan
Rempah seperti Maluku dan Makasar sebagai pusat kegiatan manusia dari berbagai
tempat. Saluran Islamisasi melaui perdagangan ini sangat menguntungkan karena
para raja dan bangsawan turut serta dalam kegiatan perdagangan, bahkan mereka
menjadi pemilik kapal dan saham. Mereka berhasil mendirikan masjid dan
mendatangkan mullah-mullah dari luar sehingga jumlah mereka menjadi banyak, dan
karenanya anak-anak Muslim itu menjadi orang Jawa dan kaya-kaya. Di beberapa
tempat penguasa-penguasa Jawa yang menjabat sebagai Bupati Majapahit yang
ditempatkan di pesisir Utara Jawa banyak yang masuk Islam, bukan karena hanya
faktor politik dalam negeri yang sedang goyah, tetapi karena factor hubungan
ekonomi dengan pedagang-pedagang Muslim. Perkembangan selanjutnya mereka
kemudian mengambil alih perdagangan dan kekuasaan di tempat-tempat tinggalnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernikahan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari sudut
ekonomi, para pedagang Muslim memiliki status sosial yang lebih baik daripada
kebanyakan pribumi, sehingga penduduk pribumi terutama puteri-puteri bangsawan,
tertarik untuk menjadi isteri saudagar-saudagar itu. Sebelum dikawin mereka
diislamkan terlebih dahulu. Setelah mereka mempunyai keturunan, lingkungan
mereka makin luas, akhirnya timbul kampung-kampung, daerah-daerah dan kerajaan
Muslim. Dalam perkembangan berikutnya, ada pula wanita Muslim yang dikawini
oleh keturunan bangsawan; tentu saja setelah mereka masuk Islam terlebih
dahulu. Jalur perkawinan ini jauh lebih menguntungkan apabila antara saudagar
Muslim dengan anak bangsawan atau anak raja dan anak adipati, karena raja dan
adipati atau bangsawan itu kemudian turut mempercepat proses Islamisasi.
Demikianlah yang terjadi antara Raden Rahmat atau Kawunganten, Brawijaya dengan
puteri Campa yang mempunyai keturunan Raden Patah (Raja pertama Demak) dan
lain-lain. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Politik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Maluku dan
Sulawesi selatan, kebanyakan rakyat masuk Islam setelah rajanya memeluk Islam
terlebih dahulu. Pengaruh politik raja sangat membantu tersebarnya Islam di
daerah ini. Di samping itu, baik di Sumatera dan Jawa maupun di Indonesia
Bagian Timur, demi kepentingan politik, kerajaan-kerajaan Islam memerangi
kerajaan-kerajaan non Islam. Kemenangan kerajaan Islam secara politis banyak
menarik penduduk kerajaan bukan Islam itu masuk Islam. Contoh: Mega Iskandar
Shah Malaka dengan Raja Malik al Salih Pasai. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran Tasawuf</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengajar-pengajar
tasawuf,atau parasufi mengajarkan teosofi yang bercampur dengan ajaran yang
sudah dikenal luas oleh masyarakat Indonesia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mereka mahir dalam hal yang magis dan mempunyai kekuatan-kekuatan
menyembuhkan. Diantara mereka ada juga yang mengawini masyarakat setempat.
Dengan tasawuf bentuk Islam yang diajarkan kepada penduduk pribumi mempunyai
persamaan dengan alam pikiran mereka yang sebelumnya menganut agama Hindu,
sehingga agama baru itu mudah dimengerti dan diterima. Diantara ahli-ahli
tasawuf yang memberikan ajaran yang mengandung persamaan dengan alam pikiran
pra Islam itu adalah Hamzah Fansuri di Aceh, Syekh Lemah Abang, dan Sunan
Panggung di Jawa. Ajaran mistik ini masih berkembang di abad ke-19 M bahkan di
abad ke 20 M ini. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran pendidikan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islamisasi juga
dilakukan melalui pendidikan, baik pesantren maupun pondok yang diselenggarakan
oleh guru-guru agama, kiai-kiai dan ulama. Di pesantren atau pondok itu, calon
ulama, guru agama dan kiai mendapat pendidikan agama. Setelah keluar dari
pesantren, mereka pulang ke kampung masing-masing atau berdakwak ketempat
tertentu mengajarkan Islam. Misalnya, pesantren yang didirikan oleh Raden
rahmat di Ampel Denta Surabaya, dan Sunan Giri di Giri. Keluaran pesantren ini
banyak yang diundang ke Maluku untuk mengajarkan Agama Islam. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran kesenian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran
Islamisasi melaui kesenian yang paling terkenal adalah pertunjukan wayang.
Dikatakan, Sunan Kalijaga adalah tokoh yang paling mahir dalam mementaskan
wayang. Dia tidak pernah meminta upah pertunjukan, tetapi ia meminta para
penonton untuk mengikutinya mengucapkan kalimat syahadat. Sebagian besar cerita
wayang masih dipetik dari cerita Mahabarata dan Ramayana, tetapi dalam serita
itu di sisipkan ajaran nama-nama pahlawan Islam. Kesenian-kesenian lainnya juga
dijadikan alat Islamisasi, seperti sastra (hikayat, babad dan sebagainya), seni
bangunan dan seni ukir.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap-Tahap Perkembangan Islam di Asia</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehadiran para pedagang Muslim (7 - 12 M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase ini diyakini
sebagai fase permulaan dari proses sosialisasi Islam di kawasan Asia Tenggara,
yang dimulai dengan kontak sosial budaya antara pendatang Muslim dengan
penduduk setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase
pertama ini, tidak ditemukan data mengenai masuknya penduduk asli ke dalam
Islam. Bukti yang cukup jelas mengenai hal ini baru diperoleh jauh kemudian,
yakni pada permulaan abad ke-13 M / 7 H. Sangat mungkin dalam kurun abad ke 1
sampai 4 H terdapat hubungan perkawinan antara pedagang Muslim dengan penduduk
setempat, hingga menjadikan mereka beralih menjadi Muslim. Tetapi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini baru pada tahap dugaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun di
Leran - Gresik, terdapat sebuah batu nisan bertuliskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fatimah binti Maimun yang wafat pada tahun
475 H / 1082 M.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Namun dari bentuknya,
nisan itu menunjukkan pola gaya hias makam dari abad ke-16 M seperti yang
ditemukan di Campa, yakni berisi tulisan yang berupa do'a-do'a kepada Allah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuknya Kerajaan Islam (13-16M)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase kedua
ini, Islam semakin tersosialisasi dalam masyarakat Nusantara dengan mulai terbentuknya
pusat kekuasaan Islam. Pada akhir abad ke-13 kerajaan Samudera Pasai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai kerajaan Islam pertama di Indonesia
merebut jalur perdagangan di Selat Malaka yang sebelumnya dikuasai oleh
kerajaan Sriwijaya. Hal ini terus berlanjut hingga pada permulaan abad ke-14
berdiri kerajaan Malaka di Semenanjung Malaysia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sultan Mansyur
Syah (w. 1477 M) adalah sultan keenam Kerajaan Malaka yang membuat Islam sangat
berkembang di Pesisir timur Sumatera dan Semenanjung Malaka.Di bagian lain, di
Jawa saat itu sudah memperlihatkan bukti kuatnya peranan kelompok Masyarakat
Muslim, terutama di pesisir utara.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelembagaan Islam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini
sosialisasi Islam semakin tak terbendung lagi masuk ke pusat-pusat kekuasaan,
merembes terus sampai hampir ke seluruh wilayah.Hal ini tidak bisa dilepaskan
dari peranan para penyebar dan pengajar Islam.Mereka menduduki berbagai jabatan
dalam struktur birokrasi kerajaan, dan banyak diantara mereka menikah dengan
penduduk pribumi. Dengan kata lain, Islam dikukuhkan di pusat-pusat kekuasaan
di Nusantara melalui jalur perdagangan, perkawinan dengan elit birokrasi dan
ekonomi, di samping dengan sosialisasi langsung pada masyarakat bawah. Pengaruh
Islamisasi yang pada awalnya hanya berpusat di satu tempat telah jauh meluas
ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>wilayah-wilayah lain di Asia
tenggara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam Begitu
cepat berkembang dan dapat diterima dengan baik di masyarakat karena Dalam
Penyebaran dan perkembangannya, dengan jalan damai.tidak pernah ada ekspedisi
militer ataupun kekerasan untuk Islamisasi ini.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Islam di Negara-negara Asia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di Indonesia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam buku
Indonesia karya Mahmud Syakir disebutkan bahwa Indonesia terdiri dari kumpulan
pulau yang jumlahnya terbanyak di dunia (lebih dari 13.600 pulau) dihubungkan
dengan dua samudera, yaitu Samudera Hindia dan Samudera Pasifik. Juga
dihubungkan oleh setengah bola dunia utara dan selatan.Luas wilayah ini
mencapai 1.919.440 km2, letaknya di Asia Tenggara.Pulau-pulau terbesar adalah
Sumatera, Jawa, Irian, dan Borneo (Kalilmantan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari segi jumlah
penduduk, negeri ini menempati urutan keempat terbanyak di dunia, setelah
China, India dan Amerika Serikat tapi urutan pertama pada tingkat dunia Islam. Mayoritas
mereka berasal dari Melayu dan China. Presentase kaum muslim di negeri ini
mencapai 89 %, juga terdapat sedikit Nasrani, Hindu dan Budha.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu kapan
Islam masuk ke Indonesia masih ada perbedaan pendapat, berikut beberapa teori
mengenai masuknya Islam ke Indonesia,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
yaitu :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Gujarat</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ini merupakan teori tertua
yang menjelaskan tentang masuknya Islam di Nusantara. Dinamakan Teori Gujarat,
karena bertolak dari pandangannya yang mengatakan bahwa Islam masuk ke
Nusantara berasal dari Gujarat, pada abad ke-13 M, dan pelakunya adalah
pedagang India Muslim. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bukti-bukti dari teori ini yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bukti batu nisan Sultan pertama Kerajaan
Samudera Pasai, yakni Malik al-Shaleh yang wafat pada 1297. relif nisan
tersebut bersifat Hinduistis yang mempunyai kesamaan dengan nisan yang terdapat
di Gujarat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adanya kenyataan bahwa agama Islam
disebarkan melalui jalan dagang antara Indonesia-Cambai (Gujarat)-Timur
Tengah-Eropa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Makkah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori ini
dicetuskan oleh Hamka, Ia lebih menguatkan teorinya dengan mendasarkan
pandangannya pada peranan bangsa Arab sebagai pembawa agama Islam ke Indonesia,
kemudian diikuti oleh orang Persia dan Gujarat. Gujarat dinyatakan sebagai
tempat singgah semata, dan Makkah sebagai pusat, atau Mesir sebagai tempat
pengambilan ajaran Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hamka menolak
pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa Islam baru masuk pada abad 13, karena
kenyataanya di Nusantara pada abad itu telah berdiri suatu kekuatan politik
Islam, maka sudah tentu Islam masuk jauh sebelumnya yakni abad ke-7 (670
M)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau pada abad pertama Hijriyah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>juga di dukung oleh Drs. Juned Periduri yang berkesimpulan bahwa agama
Islam pertama kali masuk pada abad ke-7. Hal ini didasarkan pada penyelidikan
sebuah makam Syeikh Mukaiddin di Tapanuli yang berangka tahun 48 H (670 M).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 674 M telah
terdapat perkampungan perdagangan Arab Islam di Pantai Barat Sumatera,
bersumber dari berita Cina.kemudian berita Cina ini ditulis kembali oleh T.W.
Arnold (1896), J.C. van Leur (1955) dan Hamka (1958). Timbulnya perkampungan
perdagangan Arab Islam ini karena ditunjang oleh kekuatan laut Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari keterangan tentang peranan
bangsa Arab dalam dunia perniagaan seperti di atas, kemudian dikuatkan dengan
kenyataan sejarah adanya perkampungan Arab Islam di pantai barat Sumatera di
abad ke-7, maka terbukalah kemungkinan peranan bangsa Arab dalam memasukkan
Islam ke Nusantara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Persia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencetus teori
ini adalah P.A. Hoesein Djajadiningrat. Teori ini berpendapat bahwa agama Islam
yang masuk ke Nusantara berasal dari Persia, singgah ke Gujarat, sedangkan
waktunya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekitar abad ke-13. Teori ini
lebih menitikberatkan tinjauannya kepada kebudayaan yang hidup di kalangan
masyarakat Islam Indonesia yang dirasakan memiliki persamaan dengan Persia. Di
antaranya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peringatan 10 Muharram atau Asyura
sebagai hari peringayan Syi'ah atas syahidnya Husein. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya kesamaan ajaran antara Syaikh
Siti Jenar dengan ajaran Sufi Iran al-Hallaj, sekalipun al-Hallaj telah
meninggal pada 310H / 922M, tetapi ajarannya berkembang terus dalam bentuk
puisi, sehingga memungkinkan Syeikh Siti Jenar yang hidup pada abad ke-16 dapat
mempelajarinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari uraian
tentang tiga teori masuknya Islam ke Indonesia di atas, dapat dilihat beberapa
perbedaan dan kesamaannya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Gujarat dan Persia mempunyai
persamaan pandangan mengenai masuknya agama Islam ke Nusantara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berasal dari Gujarat. Perbedaannya terletak
pada teori Gujarat yang melihat ajaran Islam di Indonesia mempunyai kesamaan
ajaran dengan mistik di India. Sedangkan teori Persia memandang adanya kesamaan
dengan ajaran Sufi di Persia. Gujarat dipandangnya sebagai daerah yang
dipengaruhi oleh Persia, dan menjadi tempat singgah ajaran Syi'ah ke Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam
hal Gujarat sebagai tempat singgah, teori Persia mempunyai persamaan dengan
teori Makkah, tetapi yang membedakannya adalah teori Makkah memandang Gujarat
sebagai tempat singgah perjalanan perjalanan laut antara Indonesia dengan Timur
Tengah, sedangkan ajaran Islam diambilnya dari Makkah atau dari Mesir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Gujarat dan Persia keduanya tidak
memandang peranan bangsa Arab dalam perdagangan. Dalam hal ini keduanya lebih
memandang pada peranan orang India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Muslim. keduanya meyakini Islam masuk di Nusantara pada abad ke-13.
Sebaliknya teori Makkah lebih meyakini Islam masuk di Nusantara pada abad ke-7,
karena abad ke-13 dianggap sebagai saat-saat perkembangan Islam di Nusantara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam melihat sumber negara yang
mempengaruhi Islam di Nusantara, teori Makkah lebih berpendirian pada Makkah
dan Mesir dengan mendasarkan tinjauannya pada besarnya pengaruh madzhab Syafi'i
di Indonesia. Sedangkan teori Persia, meskipun mengakui pengaruh madzhab
Syafi'i di Indonesia tetapi, bagi teori ini, hal itu merupakan pengaruh madzhab
Syafi'i yang berkembang di Malabar, oleh karena itu teori ini lebih menunjuk
India sebagai negara asal Islam Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Walaupun dari
analisa perbandingan di atas ketiga teori tersebut lebih menampakkan tajamnya
perbedaan dari pada persamaan, namun ada titik temu yang bisa disimpulkan yakni,
bahwa : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama, Islam masuk dan berkembang
melalui jalan damai (infiltrasi kultural),</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua, Islam tidak mengenal adanya misi
sebagaimana yang dijalankan oleh kalangan Kristen dan Katolik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para Ulama awal yang menyebarkan Islam
di Indonesia adalah Hamzah Fansuri,Syamsuddin Al-Sumatrani, Nuruddin Ar-Raniri,
Abdurauf Singkel, Syeikh Muhammad Yusuf Al-Makassari, Syeikh Abdussamad
al-Palimbani, Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari, Syeikh Muhammad Nafis
al-Banjari, Syeikh Muhammad bin Umar al-Nawawi al-Bantani, Khatib Minangkabau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di Malaysia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam merupakan
agama resmi negara federasi Malaysia. Hampir 50% dari 13 juta penduduknya
adalah Muslim dan sebagian besar diantaranya adalah orang melayu yang tinggal
di Semenanjung Malaysia. Adapun sisanya terdiri dari kelompok-kelompok etnik
yang minoritas yakni diantaranya Cina yang terdiri sekitar 38% dari penduduk
Malaysia dan yang lainnya India dan Arab. Diantara warga Muslim dan non Muslim
dapat hidup rukun tanpa ada permusuhan sehingga masyarakat di sana tentram dan
damai. Perkembangan Islam di Malaysia telah membawa peradaban-peradaban baru
yang diakui Dunia Islam. Sampai saat ini Muslim Malaysia dikenal sebagai Muslim
yang taat ibadahnya, kuat memegang hukum Islam dan juga kehidupan beragamanya
yang damai serta mencerminkan keIslaman agamanya baik di perkampungan maupun
dalam pemerintahan. Mengenai hasil peradaban Islam di Malaysia ini juga tidak
kalah dengan negara-negara Islam yang lain, seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya bangunan-bangunan masjid yang
megah seperti Masjid Ubaidiyah di Kuala Kancong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyaknya bangunan-bangunan sekolah
Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berlakunya hukum Islam pada pemerintahan
Malaysia (hukum Islam di sana mendapat kedudukan khusus karena dijadikan hukum
negara).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu juga
keputusan yang diambil oleh Perdana Mentri Mahatir Muhammad pada tahun
1982untuk menjalankan kebijakan penanaman nilai-nilai islami dalam pemerintahan
juga membuat peran islam semakin penting terutama ketika kebijakan tersebut
dilaksanakan secara nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di Singapura</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komunitas muslim
di Singapura terdiri dari 2 kelompok, yaitu migran dari wilayah indonesia dan
migran dari luar wilayah indonesia (India dan Arab). Studi islam di Singapura
telah lama berkembang. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil penelitian yang
dilakukan oleh peneliti muslim. Selanjutnya, disebutkan bahwa etnis melayu
merupakan komunitas muslim terbesar di Singapura. Tapi berdasarkan hasil sensus
tahun 1980 yang menyatakan bahwa orang-orang muslim Singapura tertinggal dari
etnis lain dalam bidang sosial ekonomi, maka lembaga-lembaga muslim memberikan
motivasi untuk meningkatkan pendidikan dan berkompetensi secara profesional.
Dari gerakan tersebut muncullah beberapa profesional muslim seperti Maarof
Saleh (Presiden Himpunan Belia Islam), Dr. Muhd. Hussain Muthalib (Direktur Eksekutif
MUIS dan Dosen University of Singapore) dan Ridwan Abdullah (Presiden The
Muslem Convert Assosiation Darul Arqam). Sedangkan dalam bidang pendidikan,
pada tahun 1981 ini didirikan sebuah lembaga yang bergerak pada permasalahan
pendidikan anak muslim (MENDAKI) dan mendapatkan dukungan dari pemerintah
setempat. Keberadaan lembaga ini juga mempercepat lahirnya karya-karya yang
terkait dengan pendidikan bagi kaum minoritasmuslim di Singapura.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di Thailand</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di
Muangthai adalah agama minoritas hanya 4 %, selain itu masyarakat Muangthai
menganut agama Budha dan Hindu. Orang Melayu Muslim merupakan golongan
minoritas terbesar ke-dua di Muangthai, sesudah golongan Cina.Mereka tergolong
Muslim Sunni dari madzab Syafi’I yang merupakan madzab paling besar dikalangan
umat Islam di Muangthai.Ikatan-ikatan budayanya telah membantu memupuk suatu
perasaan keterasingan dikalangan mereka terhadap lembaga-lembaga sosial,
budaya, dan politik Muangthai.Sejak bangsa Muangthai untuk pertama kali
menyatakan daerah itu sebagai wilayah yang takluk kepada kekuasaannya.Pada
akhir abad ke-13 orang Melayu Muslim terus-menerus memberontak terhadap
kekuasaan Muangthai.Keinginan mereka adalah untuk menjadi bagian dari Dunia
budaya Melayu Muslim dengan pemerintahan otonom.Akhirnya keinginan yang tak
pernah mengendor itu pudar dalam sejarah, dan ciri-ciri sosial ekonomi dan
budaya mereka telah membuat mereka sadar bahwa mereka hanyalah kelompok kecil
yang mempunyai identitas terpisah dari bagian utama penduduk Negeri Muangthai.Masyarakat
Muslim di Muangthai sebagian besar berlatarbelakang pedesaan. Dan Perkembangan
Islam di Muangthai telah banyak membawa peradaban-peradaban, misalnya :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Bangkok terdaftar sekitar 2000
bangunan masjid yang sangat megah dan indah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongan Tradisional dan golongan
ortodoks telah menerbitkan majalah Islam “Rabittah”.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Golongam modernis berhasil menerbitkan
jurnal “Al Jihad”.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di Brunei Darussalam</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Brunei
Darussalam memperoleh kemerdekaan penuhnya pada tanggal 1 januari 1984.
Penduduk negara ini terdiri dari 65% suku melayu, 25% keturunan cina dan
sisanya kelompok pribumi kalimantan. Beberapa sumber menyatakan bahwa agama
islam masuk ke negara ini pada abad ke-15, dan sejak itu negara ini berubah
menjadi kesultanan Islam. Agama resminya juga Islam dan tradisi keislaman juga
dijaga sangat baik sampai sekarang.Dari segi politik situasi di negara ini
terbilang tenang dan stabil karena ukuran negara ini kecil. Dan sebagai agama
resmi negara islam mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara. Dominasi keluarga
kerajaan di bidang pemerintahan dan tidak adanya demokrasi politik memungkinkan
pemerintah memberlakukan kebijakan di bidang agama dan bidang lainnya tanpa
banyak kesulitan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam di Filiphina</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam tersebar
di wilayah ini pada abad ke-6 H/12 M. Saat itu penjajah Portugis telah sampai
di wilayah ini. Kemudian disusul oleh Belanda dan Inggris yang datang pada
tahun 1211H/1796 M. Terjadilah perlawanan dan revolusi di negeri ini sejak
tahun 1305 H. Negeri ini berada dibawah perlindungan Inggris sejak tahun 1367
H/ 1947 M, dan mengumumkan diri sebagai negara republic yang merdeka pada tahun
1385 H/ 1965 M. Adapun di Filiphina, Islam tersebar hampir mencapai seluruh
kepulauannya, pula telah berdiri pemerintahan Islam. Akan tetapi, munculah arus
pemiliran keagamaan yang dibawa oleh penjajah Spanyol yang amat dibenci.Pada
tahun 928 H/ 1521 M, secara mendadak Spanyol menyerbu kepulauankepulauan
Filipina. Mereka datang denagn membawa seluruh dendam orang-orang salib
terhadap kaum muslimin,. Maka, situasi di Filipina saat itu hamper sama denagn
situasi yang dialami oleh Islam Andalusia. Penjajah Spanyol berada di Filiphina
ini hingga tahun 1316 H/ 1898 M. Selama masa yang hampir mencapai 4 abad, telah
terjadi upaya penjauhan ajaran Islam dari generasi kaum muslim secara
berturut-turut lewat jalan peperangan yang menghancurkan kaum muslimin dan
memaksa mereka untuk memeluk agama Nasrani denagn ancaman kekerasan. Sekalipun
demikian, mereka tidak juga mampu mengalahkan pemerintahan-pemerintahn Muslim,
sehingga disana masih tersisa beberapa pemerintahan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan Islam di Asia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebaran Islam
di wilayah Asia ditandai dengan berdirinya kesultanan Islam di kawasan
tersebut. Sejarah perkembangan kesultanan Islam di Asia tidak lepas dari
kepentingan perdagangan dan syiar agama yang dibawa oleh para saudagar dan
ulama muslim dari Asia Barat. Adapun Malaka dikenal sebagai pintu gerbang
Nusantara.Julukan ini diberikan mengingat peranannya sebagai jalan lalu lintas
antara Asia Timur san Asia Barat bagi para pedagang yang hendak keluar masuk
pelabuhan-pelabuhan di Asia. Berikut ini adalah profil beberapa kesultanan
Islam yang pernah berkuasa di Asia Tenggara.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Samudera Pasai (abad ke-13)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Samudera Pasai
merupakan kesultanan Islam pertama. di Indonesia.Letak kesultanan ini di Aceh
Utara.Sultan pertama Samudera Pasai adalah Malikush Shaleh.Letak Samudera Pasai
sangat strategis sebagai pusat pelayaran dan perdagangan di Nusantara. Banyak
pedagang muslim dari Arab, Cina dan India datang untuk berdagang dan menyebarkan
Islam. Kesultanan ini memperoleh sumber pendapatan yang besar dari pajak
perdagangan dan pelayaran.Samudera Pasai ditaklukkan Portugis pada 1521.
Sejarah Kesultanan Samudera Pasai dapat diketahui antara lain dengan
ditemukannya uang dirham emas dengan tulisan nama sultan yang memerintah
Samudera Pasai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Malaka (abad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke-15)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan ini
terletak di Semenanjung Malaka.Islam di Malaka berasal dari Kesultanan Samudera
Pasai.Pendiri Kesultanan Malaka adalah Paramesywara, seorang pangeran dari
Sriwijaya.Paramesywara menikah dengan putri sultan Samudera Pasai dan kemudian
masuk Islam.Kesultanan Malaka mencapai puncak kejayaan pada masa pemerintahan
Sultan Muzaffar Syah (1445-1459).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan ini
runtuh ketika Portugis menyerang dan mengalahkan Malaka pada 1511.Peninggalan
sejarah Kesultanan Malaka barupa mata uang yang merupakan peninggalan dari
akhir abad ke-15 dan benteng A'Farmosa yang merupakan bukti penaklukkan Malaka
oleh pasukan Portugis.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Islam Pattani (abad ke-15).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehadiran Islam
di Pattani dimulai dengan kedatangan Syekh Said, mubalig dari Pasai, yang
berhasil menyembuhkan raja Pattani bernama Phaya Tu Nakpa yang sedang sakit
parah.Phaya Tu Nakpa (1486-1530) beragama Budha kemudian masuk Islam dan
bergelar Sultan Ismail Syah.Kesultanan Pattani mengalami kemajuan pesat setelah
menjalin hubungan dagang dengan Kesultanan Malaka.Kesultanan Pattani kemudian
menjadi pusat perdagangan dan pelabuhan, terutama bagi pedagang dari Cina dan
India.Kejayaan Pattani berakhir setelah dikalahkan Kerajaan Siam dari Bangkok.
Peninggalan sejarah Pattani berupa nisan kubur yang disebut Batu Aceh yang
melambangkan kedekatan hubungan dengan Samudera Pasai.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kesultanan
Brunei Darussalam (abad ke-15).</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan
Brunei Darussalam merupakan kesultanan Islam yang terletak di Pulau Kalimantan
sebelah utara.Islam pertama kali masuk ke Brunei pada 977, dibawa saudagar
Cina. Setelah raja Awang Alak Betatar (1406-1408) masuk Islam, ia mengubah
kerajaan itu menjadi kesultanan. Kata "Darussalam" ditambahkan pada
kata "Brunei" pada abad ke-15 untuk menekankan Islam sebaga agama
negara.Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam berkembang menjadi pusat penyebaran Islam
dan perdagangan wilayah Melayu ketika Kesultanan Malaka jatuh ke tangan
Portugis.Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam pernah dikuasai Inggris pada 1888, di
masa kepemimpinan Sultan Hasyim Jalilu Ageramaddin, sultan ke-15, namun dapat
meraih kemerdekaannya dari Inggris 1983.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Islam Sulu (abad ke-15).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Sulu
merupakan kesultanan Islam yang terletak di Filipina bagian selatan.Islam masuk
dan berkembang di Sulu melalui orang Arab yang melewati jalur perdagangan
Malaka dan Filipina.Pembawa Islam di Sulu adalah Syarif Karim al-Makdum, orang
Arab yang ahli ilmu pengobatan. Abu Bakar, seorang dai dari Arab, menikah
dengan putri dari pangeran Bwansa dan kemudian memerintah di Sulu dengan
mengangkat dirinya sebagai Sultan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Ternate (abad ke-15).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Islam
terbesar di Maluku adalah Kesultanan Ternate.Penyebaran Islam di daerah ini
dilakukan oleh para ulama dan pedagang dari Pulau Jawa.Islam menjadi agam
kerajaan setelah Sultan Zainal Abidin memerintah.Kesultanan Ternate menjadi
salah satu pusat penyebaran Islam di kawasan timur Nusantara.Kesultanan Ternate
mencapai kejayaannya pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Babullah.Kesultanan Ternate
bersaing dengan Kesultanan Tidore terutama dalam perdagangan.Kesultanan Ternate
berakhir setelah ditaklukkan oleh VOC (Verenidge Osst-Indische Compagnie) pada
1660. Peninggalan Kesultanan Ternate antara lain Benteng Portugis dan bekas
istana di Ternate (Maluku Utara).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Aceh Darussalam (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Aceh
atau Aceh Darussalam adalah kerajaan Islam yang terletak di Pulau Sumatera
bagian utara.Kesultanan ini didirikan pada 1541 oleh Sultan Ali Mughayat
Syah.Kesultanan Aceh mengantikan peran Kesultanan Samudera Pasai dan Kesultanan
Malaka yang jatuh ke tangan Portugis, terutama dalam perdagangan dan
pelayaran.Kesultanan ini mengalami puncak kejayaan pada masa kepemimpinan
Sultan Iskandar Muda.Kesultanan Aceh akhirnya jatuh ke dalam kekuasaan
pemerintah Hindia Belanda pada 1912. Peninggalan sejarah Kesultanan Aceh antara
lain Masjid Raya Baiturrahman di Banda Aceh dan Cakra Donya, yaitu lonceng hadiah
dari kaisar Cina.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Demak (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Demak
adalah kesultanan Islam pertama di Pulau Jawa.Raja Demak pertama adalah Raden
Fatah, bupati Majapahit di Bintoro dan mencapai puncak kejayaan di bawah
kepemimpinan Sultan Trengono.Kesultanan Demak berhasil melebarkan kekuasaannya
sampai ke daerah luar Jawa, seperti Kesultanan Banjar, Kerajaan Kotawaringin,
dan Kesultanan Kutai di Kalimantan.Kesultanan ini mengalami kemunduran di masa
Sunan Prawoto karena beberapa daerah taklukkan Demak memberontak.Peninggalan
Kesultanan Demak yang paling terkenal adalah Masjid Agung Demak. Ciri khas
masjid ini adalah bangunannya ditopang empat tiang atau saka guru yang dibangun
empat orang sunan dari sembilan wali (Wali Songo), yaitu Sunan Ampel, Sunan Gunung
Jati, Sunan Bonang, dan Sunan Kalijaga.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Cirebon (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan
Cirebon merupakan kerajaan Islam pertama di Jawa Barat.Kesultanan Cirebon
didirikan pada 1450 oleh Pangeran Walangsungsang.Tokoh yang paling berperan
menjadikan Cirebon sebagai Kesultanan Islam adalah Syarif Hidayatullah.
Sepeninggal Panembahan Girilaya (1650-1662), Kesultanan Cirebon dibagi menjadi
dua oleh kedua anaknya, menjadi Kesultanan Kasepuhan dan Kesultanan Kanoman.
Meskipun tidak mempunyai kekuasaan administratif, Kesultanan Cirebon tetap
bartahan sampai saat ini.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Banjar (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan
Banjar merupakan kesultanan Islam yang terletak di Pulau Kalimantan bagian
selatan.Kesultanan ini pada walnya bernama Daha, sebuah kerajaan Hindu yang
berubah menjadi kesultanan Islam.Kesultanan Banjar berdiri pada 1595 dengan
penguasa pertama Sultan Suriansyah.Islam masuk ke wilayah ini tahun 1470,
bersamaan dengan melemahnya kerajaan Maajapahit di Pulau Jawa.Penyebaran Islam
secara luas dilakukan Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari, seorang ulama yang
menjadi Mufti Besar Kalimantan.Kesultanan Banjar mengalami kemunduran dengan
terjadinya pergolakan masyarakat yang menentang pengangkatan Pangeran
Tamjidillah (1857-1859) sebagai sultan oleh Belanda.Pada 1859-1905, terjadi
perang Banjar yang dipimpin Pangeran Antasari (1809-1862) melawan
Belanda.Akibat dari perang ini, Belanda menghapuskan Kesultanan Banjar pada
1860.Peninggalan sejarah Kesultanan Banjar dapat dilihat dari bangunan masjid
di Desa Kuin, Banjar Barat (Banjarmasin) yang dibangun pada masa pemerintahan
Sultan Tamjidillah.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Banten (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan ini
adalah kesultanan terbesar di Jawa Barat.Kesultanan Banten didirikan Sunan
Gunung Jati pada 1524.Pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin, Islam
telah mengalami perkembangan pesat.Hal ini ditandai dengan berdirinya bangunan
masjid dan pesantren.Kesultanan Banten mencapai masa keemasannya di masa
pemerintahan Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (1651-1683).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan ini
mengalami kemunduran setelah terjadi perang melawan Belanda.Peninggalan
Kesultanan Banten berupa Masjid Agung Banten, Menara Banten, Benteng Speelwijk,
dan bekas Keraton Surosowan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Buton (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Buton
merupakan kerajaan Islam yang terletak di Pulau Buton, Sulawesi bagian
tenggara.Kerajaan Buton menjadi kesultanan setelah Halu Oleo, raja ke-6,
memeluk agama Islam. Penyebaran Islam secara luas dilakukan oleh syekh Abdul
Wahid bin Syarif Sulaiman al-Patani, seorang ulama dari Kesultanan Johor.
Peninggalan sejarah Kesultanan Buton berupa Benteng Kraton dan Batupoaro, yaitu
batu tempat berkhalwat (mengasingkan diri) Syekh Abdul Wahid di akhir
keberadaannya di Buton.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Goa (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Goa
terletak di sebelah selatan Pulau Sulawesi.Kerajaan Goa berubah menjadi
kesultanan pada akhir abad ke-16, di masa pemerintahan Sultan Alauddin
(1593-1639).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada masa
kepemimpinan Sultan Hasanuddin terjadi perang Makassar (1666-1669) meawan
Belanda.Kesultanan Goa selanjutnya dikuasai oleh Belanda setelah dipaksa
menyerah dan menandatangani Perjanjian Bongaya.Peninggalan Kesultanan Goa
berupa kompleks makam Sultan Goa dan bekas rumah Sultan Goa terakhir di
Makassar (Sulawesi Selatan).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Johor (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Johor
berdiri setelah Kesultanan Malaka dikalahkan oleh Portugis.Sultan Alauddin
Riayat Syah membangun Kesultanan Johor pada sekitar tahun 1530-1536.Masa
kejayaan kesultanan ini terjadi pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Jalil
Riayat Syah II.Kesultanan Johor memperkuat dirinya dengan mengadakan sebuah
aliansi bersama Kesultanan Riau sehingga disebut Kesultanan
Johor-Riau.Kesultanan Johor-Riau berakhir setelah Raja Haji wafat dan wilayah
tersebut dikuasai oleh Belanda.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Kutai (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Kutai
terletak di sekitar Sungai Mahakam, Kalimanta bagian timur.Pada awalnya, Kutai
merupakan kerajaan yang dipengaruhi ajaran Hindu dan Buddha.Islam berkembang
pada masa kepemimpinan Aji Raja Mahkota (1525-1600).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebaran Islam dilakukan oleh
seorang mubalig bernama Said Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abu Bakar al-Warsak.
Kesultanan ini mencapai kejayaannya pada masa Aji Sultan Muhammad Salehuddin
(1780-1850) memerintah.Kesultanan Kutai mengalami kemunduran setelah Aji Sultan
Muhammad Salehuddin meninggal dunia.Peninggalan sejarah Kesultanan Kutai berupa
makam para sultan di Kutai Lama (dekat Anggana).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Pajang (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan
Pajang merupakan kerjaan Islam pertama di pedalaman Jawa.Kesultanan ini didirikan
oleh Joko Tingkir pada 1546, setelah Trenggono, Sultan Demak, wafat. Joko
Tingkir atau Sultan Adiwijaya membawa pengaruh Islam dari wilayah pesisir ke
wilayah pedalaman Jawa.Kesultanan Pajang hanya bertahan selama 45 tahun karena
dihancurkan oleh Kesultanan Mataram pada 1618.Peninggalan Kesultanan Pajang
berupa makam Pangeran Benowo.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Mataram (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan
Mataram beridiri sejak 1582.Kesultanan ini berawal dari wilayah Kesultanan
Pajang yang dihadiahkan oleh Sultan Adiwijaya kepada Kiai Ageng
Pamanahan.Sultan pertama Mataram adalah Panembahan Senopati (1582-1601). Puncak
kekuasaan Kesultanan Mataram tercapai pada masa kepemimpinan Sultan Agung
(1613-1645).Kesultanan Mataram melemah setelah terjadi perpecahan wilayah
akibat Perjanjian Giyanti serta campur tangan pihak Belanda.Kesultanan Mataram
selanjutnya terbagi menjadi empat wilayah yaitu Kesultanan Yogyakarta,
Pakualaman, Kasunanan Surakarta, dan Mangkunegara. Peninggalan Kesultanan
Mataram antara lain berupa pintu gerbang Masjid Kotagede di Yogyakarta.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Palembang (abad ke-16).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awalnya,
Kesultanan Palembang termasuk dalam wilayah kekuasaan Kesultanan Demak.Sultan
pertama sekaligus pendiri Kesultanan ini adalah Ki Gendeng Suro
(1539-1572).Pengetahuan dan keilmuan Islam berkembang pesat dengan hadirnya
ulama Arab yang menetap di Palembang.Kesultanan Palembang menjadi bandar
transit dan ekspor lada karena letaknya yang strategis.Belanda kemudian
menghapuskan Kesultanan Palembang setelah berhasil mengalahkan Sultan Mahmud
Badaruddin.Salatu satu peninggalan Palembang adalah Masjid Agung Palembang yang
didirikan pada masa kepemimpinan Sultan Abdur Rahman.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Bima (abad ke-17).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Bima
adalah kerajaan Islam yang terletak di Pulau Sumbawa bagian timur. Kerajaan
Bima berubah menjadi kesultanan Islam pada 1620 setelah rajanya, La Ka'i,
memeluk agama Islam dan mengganti namanya menjadi Sultan Abdul Kahir. Pada masa
pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Khair Sirajuddin (1640-1682), Kesultanan Bima menjadi
pusat penyebaran Islam kedua di timur Nusantara setelah Makassar.Kesultanan
Bima berakhir pada 1951, ketika Muhammad Salahuddin, sultan terakhir, wafat.
Peninggalan Kesultanan Bima antara lain berupa kompleks istana yang dilengkapi
dengan pintu lare-lare atau pintu gerbang kesultanan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesultanan Siak Sri Indrapura (abad ke-18).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siak Sri
Indrapura adalah sebuah kesultanan Melayu, didirikan (1723) oleh Sultan Abdul
Jalil Rahmat Syah, dan penyebarab Islam di Sumatera Timur.Pusatnya adalah Desa
Buantan, kemudian pindah ke Siak Sir Indrapura (sekitar 90 km ke timur laut
Pekanbaru).Wilayah kekuasaan Siak Sri Indrapura meliputi Siak Asli, Bukit Batu,
Merbau, Tebing Tinggi, Bangko, Tanah Putih dan Pulau Bengkalis (Kabupaten
Bengkalis); Tapung Kiri dan Tapung Kanan (Kampar); Pekanbaru; dan sekitarnya.
Istana bekas tempat tinggal dan pusat Kesultanan Siak Sri Indrapura sampai
sekarang masih berdiri dengan megah di pinggir Sungai Siak dan merupakan salah
satu objek pariwisata di daerah Riau.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Peradaban Islam di Asia</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum datangnya
Islam, masyarakat Asia telah berpegang pada amalan Hindu, Budha dan roh nenek
moyang. Yang terwujud dalam politik, ekonomi, dan sosial. Setelah Islam masuk,
unsur-unsur baru yang diperkenalkan, diantaranya adalah :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerintahan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan dalam sistem pemerintahan raja
dalam sistem Islam seperti: Sultan sebagai Raja/ ketua negara dan kerajaan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penasihat Sultan dengan sebutan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jawatan khadi, khatib, bilal, pemungut zakat,
penyelia baitul mal, dan penjaga harta wakaf.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memupuk semangat persaudaraan di
kalangan umat Islam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Raja Malaka diberi gelaran Khalifahtul
Mukminin artinya pemimpin orang mukmin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Islam menjadi agama resmi dalam kerajaan
Malaka, Brunei.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan Konsep Khalifah Allah ialah
wakil Allah di bumi. Harus menunaikan amanah, dan perintah dengan adil serta
menerapkan unsur Islam bagi menggantikan konsep dewa raja Hindu. Contoh :
Sultan al-Zahir Samudera Pasai.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-undang Syariah diperkenalkan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pendidikan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
</span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sistem Pendidikan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sebelum Islam pendidikan hanya terbatas kepada golongan bangsawan
saja.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Selepas Islam tersebar luas kepada seluruh masyarakat.
Disebarkan melalui: Istana</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pondok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pesantren</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Madrasah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, dan </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Surau.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pusat pendidikan awal Islam:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kerajaan Perlak di Sumatera Utara – melalui Dayah atau
Pondok </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Samudra Pasai sebagai pusat terjemahan karya agama dan
tempat rujukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kerajaan Islam lain
seperti Malaka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pendidikan Pondok muncul awal kedatangan dan peluasan
Islam di Asia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tenggara. Seperti di
Pattani, Aceh, dan Jawa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Wanita juga digalakkan belajar dan diberi peluang yang
sama dengan lelaki baik dalam pemerintahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Lembaga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendidikan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Istana: Tempat ulama bicara hukum dengan sultan dan
pembesar , juga sampaikan ilmu dan nasihati sultan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Surau: Tempat belajar al-Quran secara tidak formal dan
gurunya ajar tidak tetap.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Madrasah:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem
pendidikan formal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Pondok: Pusat pengajian Islam terutama di Pattani
dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melayu, di Aceh Dayah dan di Jawa
dikenal dengan Pesantren.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Materi </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">ajar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Fikih, Usuludin, Tasawuf, hadis, Tafsir, bahasa pengantar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah Melayu dan Arab.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Cara Hidup </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Sebelum Islam datang masyarakat dipengaruh oleh animisme, hindu dan buddha
setelah Islam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> datang </span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berangsur-angsir
hilang. Cara berpakaian Islam seperti berkerudung dan bersongkok. Sifat tolong
menolong, hormat menghormati, dan berkerjasama, bersatu padu dan wujud semangat
kerjasama.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Kesenian</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify;"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Khat pada batu nisan, sebilah mata keris, dan ukiran
kayu. Kreativitas masyarakat tempatan batu nisan semakin menarik seperti
Batu nisan Sultan al-Malik Ibrahim ditulis dengan ayat
al-Quran, selain syair dan makam Naina Hisham al-Din 1420M, pengaruh seni
Arab Parsi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS;">Seni pada masjid,
surau, rumah kediaman guna kaligrafi arab. Seperti Masjid Ubudiah Kuala
Kangsar, Masjid Brunei.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ira. M.
Lapidus, <i>Sejarah sosial Ummat Islam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bagian kesatu dan dua</i>, (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yogyakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">), cet. II, h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">717</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ira. M. Lapidus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah</i>…, hal 172</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ira. M. Lapidus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sejarah</i>…, hal. 35</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saifudin
Zuhri, <i>Sejarah Kebangkitan Islam dan Perkembangannya di Indonesia</i>,
(Bandung: al-Maarif, tth),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>88</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dudung Abdurrahman. <i>Sejarah
Peraadaban Islam: dari masa klasik hingga moder, </i>( Yogyakarta: Jurusan SPI
fak. Adab Sunan Kalijaga bekerjasama dengan LESFI YOGYAKARTA, 2003), cet. ke-1,
hal. 375-376.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saiful
Muzani, <i>Pembangunan dan Kebangkitan Islam di Asia Tenggara</i>, (Jakarta:
Pustaka 3 LP3ES Indonesia, 1993), h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. 27</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saiful
Muzani, <i>Pembangunan</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…,
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hal. 29.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Subaguk, <i>Sejarah
Peradan di Asia Tenggara</i>, (Jakarta: Gelora Aksara Pratama, 2000), h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. 32</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Subaguk, <i>Sejarah</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hal. 64</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Subaguk, <i>Sejarah</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hal. 65</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Andi Faisal
Bakti, <i>Islam and Nation Formation in Indonesia</i>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">( </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta: Logos, 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. 143-144</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Andi Faisal
Bakti, <i>Islam</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…,
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hal. 150</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Dedi Supriyadi, <i>Sejarah Peradapan Islam</i>, (Bandung: Pustaka Setia,2008), hal.
187</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Ahmad Ibrahim,<i>Islam di Asia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tenggara</i>,
(Jakarta: LP3ES,1989), hal. 45</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Muhammad Ibrahim dan Rusdi Sufi, <i>Sejarah Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam Islam
di Indonesia,</i> (Jakarta: Al-Maarif, 1989), hal. 102</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badriyatim,<i>
Sejarah Peradaban Islam</i>, , (Jakarta: Grafindo Persada, 2000), h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. 201</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Ahmad al-‘Usairy. <i>Sejarah
Islam. </i>( Jakarta : AKBAR MEDIA, 2012), hal. 508</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Hasjmi.<i>Sejarah
Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam di Indonesia.</i>( Jakarta: P.T. Al-Maarif,
1981), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal. 375</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badriyatim,<i>
Sejarah</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…,
</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">hal. 115</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hanun
Asrofah, <i>Sejarah Pendidikan Islam</i>, (Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999), h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. 45</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hanun
Asrofah, <i>Sejarah</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…,
hal. 55</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6266022577690181283#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Muhammad
Ibrahim dan Rusdi Sufi, <i>Sejarah Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam Islam di
Indonesia,</i> (Jakarta: Al-Maarif, 1989),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">130</span></div>
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table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdurrahman, Dudung. <i>Sejarah
Peraadaban Islam: dari masa klasik hingga modern. </i>Yogyakarta: Jurusan SPI
fak. Adab Sunan Kalijaga bekerjasama dengan LESFI Yogyakarta. 2003.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Asrofah, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanun.
</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejarah Pendidikan Islam</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1999</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bakti,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Andi Faisal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Islam and Nation Formation in Indonesia</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Jakarta: Logos, 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Badriyatim,<i> Sejarah
Peradaban Islam</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Grafindo
Persada, 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasjmi. <i>Sejarah Masuk dan
Berkembangnya Islam di Indonesia.</i>Jakarta: P.T. Al-Maarif, 1981</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibrahim,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Ahmad. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Islam di Asia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tenggara</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta: LP3ES,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1989</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ibrahim</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Muhammad.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sufi,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rusdi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejarah Masuk
dan Berkembangnya Islam Islam di Indonesia</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Al-Maarif, 1989</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lapidus,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
M. Ira.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejarah sosial Ummat Islam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bagian kesatu dan dua</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yogyakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> cet. II,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Muzani,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Saiful. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembangunan dan Kebangkitan
Islam di Asia Tenggara</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Jakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Pustaka 3 LP3ES Indonesia, 1993</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Supriyadi, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedi.
</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejarah Peradapan Islam</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bandung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Pustaka Setia,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2008</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Subaguk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejarah
Peradan di Asia Tenggara</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: Gelora Aksara Pratama, 2000</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yatim, Badri. <i>Sejarah Peradaban
Islam. </i>Jakarta : RajaGrafindo Persada, 2008</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Zuhri,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Saifudin.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sejarah Kebangkitan Islam dan Perkembangannya di
Indonesia</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bandung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: al-Maarif, tth</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></div>
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